Health And Social Care Policy Health And Social Care Essay

Social, economic and industrial alterations have changed the forms of life globally. Changes in diet and physical activity forms have been cardinal to the rise of fleshiness among many of the universe ‘s population. Obesity was traditionally seen as a disease of high-income states merely, but it is now replacing malnutrition and infective diseases as a job exceeding societal divides. Obesity carries a higher incidence of chronic unwellness including diabetes, bosom disease and malignant neoplastic disease. This paper will critically measure the current UK and NI policies aimed at turn toing the fleshiness epidemic. There will besides be a treatment around definition of policies, function of authorities in health care, old and current health care policies sing fleshiness in both Britain and Northern Ireland. The official computation for specifying fleshiness was set by the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) where grownups are registered fleshy and corpulent utilizing a expression of Body Mass Index or ( BMI ) , that is a individual ‘s weight in kgs divided by the tallness in meters squared ( DWP, 2012 ) . The chief restraint with utilizing organic structure mass index as an index is that it does non separate fat mass from thin mass ; so a individual could be healthy and have a low organic structure fat, but be clinically fleshy if they have a high plenty BMI. A individual is thought to be overweight if they have a BMI of 25.0 or more and corpulent if the BMI is 30.0 or more. Fleshiness has three categorizations: aˆ? Class 1 BMI 30 to 34.9 ( waist margin 102cm asset for males and 88cm asset for females ) . Person is categorised as corpulence aˆ? Class 2 BMI 35 to 39.9. Person is classed as corpulent aˆ? Class 3 BMI 40 and over. Is when a individual with a BMI of 40+ is said to be morbidly corpulent ( WHO, 2012 ) . Policy originates from the authorities that are in power, who are besides the legal authorization and have a position and counsel over all policy whether they be private or public ( Crinson, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Crinson 2009 Health policy is hypothesised in footings of macro and micro societal developments, with the macro degree reading the working of societal and formal constructions, such as the economic context of the province and the market, and the National Health Service ( NHS ) . The micro side focuses on the influence of policy from the degree of the health care professionals and the experience of the users ( Crinson, 2009 ) . Policy devising, harmonizing to a White Paper published by the Labour Government in 1999 provinces that it is a method in which a authorities construe their political vision into programmes and actions in order to do alterations that are required and wanted by the population ( Cabinet Office, 1999 ) . It was besides focused on modernizing the authorities scheme ( Cabinet Office, 1999a ) and the demand for more inclusive and reactive policy ‘s linked to people ‘s demands. It planned to vouch that policy devising was to go more forward thought and evidence-based, every bit good as right assessed and based on best pattern. It went on to observe the demand for improved grounds when addressing policy devising and to guarantee a more joined-up attack across authorities sections and bureaus ( Cabinet Office, 1999 ) . Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation wellness policy signifies determinations, programs and actions that are started in order to make elaborate wellness attention ends within a society. It goes on to observe that and clear and string policy can sketch an thought for the hereafter whilst helps to set up aims and points of orientation. A wellness policy can besides assist to plan a model and construct understanding in add-on to informing people ( WHO, 2006 ) . There are three cardinal policies countries within the Department of Health and they are National Health ( NH ) , Public Health ( PH ) , and Social Care ( SC ) ( Kouvonen, 2012 ) . The current theory has two dissimilar backgrounds ; the first is a public policy analysis that is favoured by the United States and Northern Ireland. The 2nd is favoured in the United Kingdom and is a societal policy theoretical construction ( Kouvonen, 2012 ) . Policies are intended to better on current commissariats in wellness and societal attention in the UK and purpose to vouch services that are funded or supported by the Department of Health are delivered in an unfastened and patient-centred manner ( www.dh.gov.uk ) . This was non ever the instance, as harmonizing to Crinson authoritiess were apathetic to the type of attention delivered within the healthcare service ; that was the concern of the physician. This was to alter in the 1970s when the economic system declined and revenue enhancement gross was reduced ( Crinson, 2009 ) . The axial rotation of the province in supplying wellness and public assistance to the public harmonizing to Crinson 2009 takes the position that there are five diverse conceptualizations and they echo differences between political and conceptual actions of the function that the province should play when presenting wellness and public assistance services ( Crinson, 2009 ) . The author goes on to give illustrations of these conceptualizations one of which is the neoliberal prospective that influenced the alteration in the wellness and societal public assistance policies of the Thatcher Government in the 1980s ( Crinson, 2009 ) . In the Political-Economic Critique, harmonizing to O'Connor et Al welfarism serves to construct consent for capitalist economy through the procedure of spliting the population into groups with specific demands. This he notes had the consequence of individualizing what are widespread societal and wellness jobs associates with life in a capitalist ‘s societ y ( Gough, 1979 ) . In a paper by David Berreby in which he asks the inquiry, why do people acquire fat and hazard major wellness job? , He believes the reply to this inquiry is capitalist economy and sites it as the chief cause of planetary fleshiness ( Berreby, 2012 ) . Conversely in a programme series aired on the BBC on the 11th July 2012 the newsman Jacques Peretti reports that our eating wonts were changed by a determination made in America 40 old ages ago. Peretti travelled to America to analyze the narrative of high-fructose maize sirup ( HFCS ) a calorie-providing sweetening used to dulcify nutrients and drinks, chiefly processed and shop-bought nutrients. The sweetening was backed in America in the 1970s by Richard Nixon ‘s agriculture decision maker Earl Butz to utilize extra maize grown by husbandmans. Cheap and sweeter than sugar, it quickly found its manner into about all convenience nutrients and soft drinks. HFCS is non merely sweeter than sugar ; it besides inhibits leptin, the en docrine that controls hunger, ensuing in the inability to halt feeding ( BBC, 2012 ) . This was backed up by grounds from Robert Lustrig an endocrinologist, who harmonizing to this study, was the first to place the dangers of high-fructose maize sirup ( HFCS ) . His findings nevertheless, were discredited at the clip. and a US Congress study sited fat, non sugar, for the dismaying rise in cardio-vascular unwellness and the nutrient industry responded with a series of low fat and ‘heart healthy nutrients in which the fat was removed. ( BBC, 2012 ) . Policy shapers encouraged husbandmans to overproduce maize and soy with the promise of foreign trade ( Philpott, 2008 ) . It was besides in the seventiess that Britain ‘s nutrient industries used publicizing thrusts to promote the thought of noshing between repasts. A fast nutrient civilization besides developed and fast nutrient ironss offered alluring nutrients and clients served themselves, and harmonizing to Ritzer this was the beginning of McDonaldization of Society. He goes on to compose how fast nutrient eating house contribute to the development of fleshiness and it accent on supersizing its parts ( Ritzer, 2004 ) . Conversely poorness increased in the 1970s under Thatcher Government and harmonizing to the Institute for Fiscal Studies in 1979 13.40 % of people in Britain lived below 60 % on average income before lodging costs. With this came a large rise in inequality and under the gini mark for Britain was up to 0.339 from 0.253 ( Crib, et al 2012 ) . Due to the comorbidities associated with fleshiness and their increasing cost to the NHS, the effects of fleshiness are presently and will go on to be of import public wellness challenges globally and in the UK. It impacts through society and across all life classs, and can increase the hazard of life endangering disease ( Kouvonen, 2012 ) .Appendix 1. Presently there is a model in Northern Ireland titled ‘A Fitter Future for All ‘ , this docket spans from 2012 to 2022. Within this paper it explains that in Northern Ireland 59 % of grownups are either fleshy ( 36 % ) or corpulent ( 23 % ) ( DHSSPSNI, 2012 ) . This policy addresses the demand to move from childhood based on grounds from the Foresight Report 2007, and is now a cross sectorial cohesive life class docket that will turn to fleshiness over the following 10 old ages ( Foresight Review, 2012 ) . The Department of Health has published a follow-on papers to the Public Health White Paper called ‘Healthy lives, healthy people: A call to action on fleshiness in England ‘ , which sets new national thrusts for a falling tendency in extra weight by 2020. The Undertaking Fleshinesss: Future Choices undertaking presented its findings on 17 October 2007 and the Undertaking aims to present a executable response to fleshiness in the UK over the following 40 old ages. It besides sets out illustrations of what is intended on a national degree to assist dispute fleshiness, one of these is called Change4life programme. In this programme it states it will assist consumers make healthier nutrient picks ( www.dh.gov.uk ) . This could be linked to Professor Marmot point, when he discussed behavioral picks as persons such as where to shop for nutrient, and how these determinations are dictated by the person ‘s socio-economic circumstance, and if they can afford the recommended good nutrient ( UCL Institute of Health Equity, 2012 ) . ‘A fitter Future for All ‘ and ‘Healthy Lifes, healthy people ‘ are policies that both the British and Northern Ireland authorities support, but there are wider determiners of hapless wellness such as poorness and inequalities that play an of import function in fleshiness ( HM Government, 2010 ) . It could be argued that while policies such as these are aiming the causes of fleshiness, they are non actively seeking out realistic solutions to the job ; people may cognize they need to eat healthier, but merely can non afford to purchase the better nutrient. In developing states rates of fleshiness are inclined to lift, and this is associated with turning societal disadvantage ; turn toing societal want and material disadvantage is likely to cut down fleshiness ( Kouvonen. 2012 ) . Socio-economic category as a factor in wellness is non a new phoneme in the United Kingdom, as it has a history of many 100s of old ages. Harmonizing to Edwin Chadwick ‘s study on healthful conditions of the laboring population in Britain in 1842 showed that in Liverpool the mean age of mortality for people in the upper categories was 35 old ages, and 15 old ages for labor and retainers ( Richardson, 2008 ) . Inequalities still exist today, but have improved and in the Black study published in 1980 it states that there are still inequalities with respect to life anticipation and the usage of medical services ( Whitehead et al, 1992 ) . Harmonizing to the Foresight study ( 2007 ) a authorities scientific discipline think armored combat vehicle reported that most grownups are already overweight. It goes on to observe that modern life will guarantee that approaching coevalss will be heavier than the last, and by 2050, 60 % of work forces and 50 % of adult females possibly clinically corpulent. The study besides states the fleshiness is a many-sided and there is no grounds anyplace in the universe where fleshiness has reversed. Social policy models are overriding harmonizing to this study ( Foresight Review, 2012 ) . The Marmot Report the 3rd such officially approved analysis in every bit many decennaries examining the nexus between wellness and wealth. The findings confirmed an dismaying societal slope, the hapless non merely decease seven old ages earlier than the rich, but they can anticipate to go handicapped 17 old ages earlier. Professor Marmot continues to discourse behavioral picks we make as persons are portion of our societal and economic scenes. He believes that people born into more flush surroundings tend to follow a healthy life style, ensuing in health care differences between the societal categories ( UCL Institute of Health Equity, 2012 ) . In 2011 the Chief medical Officers ( CMOs ) from across the UK published new schemes for physical activity, and they addressed a life class methodological analysis, and included guidelines for early old ages ( www.ic.nhs.uk ) . It could be argued this is a cover policy and it is widely known that poorer people have limited picks with respects to lifestyle picks such as gym ranks. Besides the study appears to put the duty of exercising on the person. Peoples from poorer socio-economic backgrounds have poorer lodging and environments that do n't promote physical exercising which could be due to societal civilization of where these people live and deficiency of resources ( UCL Institute of Health Equity, 2012 ) . Addressing fleshy kids that become corpulent in ulterior life was issue raised by Dr Hilary Jones on Good Morning Britain, when he stated that fleshiness begins in childhood. He went on to state that the National Health Service and the Government know causes of fleshiness but a ctively forestalling it in childhood demands to be addressed ( www.gm.tv ) . Prevention of fleshiness is more accomplishable end than turn toing fleshiness when it becomes established, as some wellness jobs that are acquired through fleshiness remain an issue even after weight loss. Therefore authorities policies are largely directed at primary bar of fleshiness such as eating good, exercising and no smoke ( Kouvonen, 2012 ) . Social determiners of wellness are besides a cardinal factor in fleshiness in both kids and grownups. Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation the societal conditions in which people live are paramount to their wellness. It goes on to observe that deficiency of income, hapless lodging and deficiency of entree to healthcare installations are merely some of the factors taking to inequalities ( www.who.int ) . Medical attention on its ain can non adequately better person ‘s wellness and turn toing where people live and work is besides of import The societal determiners of wellness are the â€Å" upstream † societal, economic, and environmental factors that affect the wellness of persons and populations, including income, societal support, instruction and literacy, employment and working conditions. Downstream determiners, which include physical activity, clean air and H2O and healthy lodging. These factors can act upon wellness inequalities difference between societal groups that can ensue in fleshiness in poorer countries ( Kouvonen, 2012 ) . Incidents of Childhood fleshiness are higher in countries with a lower socioeconomic population harmonizing to National Health Service Information Centre study on fleshiness. It besides states that fleshiness is more widespread in schools in deprived countries. It besides noted that with Reception kids ( kids in the primary school age group ) 6.9 % of those in least disadvantaged countries were corpulent, in comparing to 12.1 per centum of kids in most disadvantaged countries ( www.ic.nhs.uk ) . In Northern Ireland statistics show that 8 per centum of kids ages between 2 and 15 old ages are corpulent, harmonizing to the Health Minister Edwin Poots. The wellness Minister went on to state that the likeliness of corpulent kids become corpulent grownups was likely ; this would set greater strain on the wellness and societal attention services due to the comorbidities associated with the status ( Northern Ireland Executive, 2012 ) . Governments province that wellness policies are micro driven, but in world it could be argued that they are macro driven as ultimately fleshiness will be more in the long tally due to fleshiness related unwellness such as diabetes and heat disease, and harmonizing to NHS website the cost will be ?4.20 billion per twelvemonth ( HM Government ) . Undertaking fleshiness is a challenge for non merely the UK, but globally and harmonizing to the Department of Health and Social Services Northern Ireland web site, corpulence and fleshiness will catch malnutrition and infective disease in footings of their cost to the wellness services and people enduring from the status ( www.dhsspsni.gov.uk ) . Appendix 2. It was non until 1999 that fleshiness was declared an epidemic in America and was considered to impact all racial groups and across all ages in United States ( National Medical Association, 1999 ) . Harmonizing to the information published there was an addition from 12 % to 18 % over a seven twelvemonth period utilizing a organic structure mass index ( BMI ) that was greater than 30 ( National Medical Association, 1999 ) . Historically obesity rates were low and unaffected until 1970s and 80s, and the obesogentic environment ( an environment that encourages and leads to fleshiness in persons that relates to the influence that contribute towards fleshiness such as nutrient, physical activity and environment. Many broader determiners of hapless wellness such as wellness inequalities, poorness and want play a important function, and these factors have non swayed over the old ages. In pre-war Britain big differences in mortality and morbidity degrees between rich and hapless were recogni sed as the norm by policy shapers. It was the debut of the National Health Service in the fortiess that brought with it hope that the societal category differences impacting wellness would worsen. It was n't until the seventiess that the Marmot Report stated people ‘s life style and fortunes have a direct consequence on their wellness ( Crinson, 2009 ) . The wellness deductions from fleshiness are huge and can finally ensue in a premature decease. Although fleshiness is caused by consumption of more energy through nutrient and drink than needed and the ensuing extra stored in fat in the organic structure, the position that obesogenic environment besides plays a portion in fleshiness is going widely accepted. Social and economic fortunes are besides evaluated in this paper as are the function of authoritiess and policy shapers, both in the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland. The overall position of this paper would be that policies are made by persons that have no penetration into what portion of society they are directed at such as disadvantaged and socio-economic countries that lack the agency and installations whereby persons feel that their part to society is valued and of import sufficiency for them to care about their ain well-being. Policies are non directed at one specific group such and the one size fits all does n't look to be working as fleshiness is now a planetary epidemic.BibliographyBBC ( 2012 ) ‘The Work force who made us fat: episode 3 ‘ , available at www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01kd06l ( Accessed 06/11/2012 @ 20.05 ) Berreby, David. ( 2012 ) . ‘Is Capitalism To Blame for Worldwide Obesity? ‘ Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //bigthink.com/Mind-Matters/is-capitalism-to-blame-for-worldwide-obesity ( Accessed 5/11/2012 ) Braveman, Paula. Egeter, Susan. Williams, R. William ( 2011 ) ‘The Social Determinants of Health: Coming of Age ‘ , Annual Review of Public Health, Vol. 32: 381-98 Cabinet Office ( 1999 ) ‘Modernising Government White Paper ‘ : available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm43/4310/4310.htm ( accessed 05/11/2012 ) Crib et Al ( 2012 ) ‘Briefing Notes on Jubilees compared: incomes, disbursement and work in the late seventiess and early 2010s ‘ , available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ifs.org.uk/publications/6190 ( Accessed 12/11/2012 ) Crinson, Iain ( 2009 ) ‘Health Policy, a critical prospective ‘ , SAGE, London Department of Health Public wellness ( 2012 ) ‘Adult societal attention, and the NHS: Obesity Document ‘ , available at www.dh.gov.uk/health/category/policy-areas/public-health/obesity-healthy-living ( Accessed 10/11/2012 ) Department of Works & A ; Pensions ( 2011 ) ‘Causes of Obesity ‘ available at, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dwp.gov.uk/publications/specialist-guides/medical-conditions/a-z-of-medical-conditions/obesity ( Accessed 05/11/2012 ) Department for Works & A ; Pensions ( 2011 ) ‘Definition of Overweight and Obesity ‘ available at, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dwp.gov.uk/publications/specialist-guides/medical-conditions/a-z-of-medical-conditions/obesity ( Accessed 05/11/2012 ) DHSSPSNI ( 2012 ) ‘Framework for Preventing and Addressing Overweight and Obesity in Northern Ireland: 2012-2022 ‘ , available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/framework-preventing-addressing-overweight-obesity-ni-2012-2022.pdf ( accessed 8/11/2012 ) DHSSPSNI ( 2011 ) ‘Safety, Quality and Standards: Safety and Quality Policy Document ‘ available at www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/index/phealth/sqs.htm ( Accessed 6/11/2012 ) Foresight Review ( 2012 ) www.foresightreport.com ( Accessed 08/11/2012 @ 9.50 ) GMTV ( 2012 ) www.gm.tv.uk ( Viewed 07/11/2012 @ 7.47 ) Gough, I. ( 1979 ) ‘The Political Economy of the Welfare State ‘ , Macmillan, Basingstoke HM Government ( 2010 ) ‘Healthy Lifes, Healthy Peoples: Our Strategy for Public Health in England ‘ , available at www.official-documents.gov.uk ( accessed 10/11/2012 ) NHS Information Centre ( 2011 ) ‘Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet: England ‘ , available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ic.nhs.uk/webfiles/publications/003_Health_Lifestyles/opad11/Statistics_on_Obesity_Physical_Activity_and_Diet_England_2011_revised_Aug11.pdf ( Accessed 08/11/2012 @ 8.25 ) NHS Information Centre ( 2011 ) ‘Obesity Rising Among Concluding Year Primary School Children ‘ , available at www.ic.nhs.uk/ncmp ( Accessed 10/11/2012 @ 20.55 ) Kouvonen, Dr A. ( 2012 ) ‘What is Health Policy? ‘ , Lecture Notes Week 1: Lecture 2 Kouvonen, Dr A. ( 2012 ) ‘Current Issues in Health Policy: Obesity ‘ , Week 4: Lecture 2 National Medical Association ( 1999 ) ‘Obesity Declared an Epidemic in the United States ‘ , J Natl Med Assoc. 1999 December ; 91 ( 12 ) : 645 PMCID: PMC2608606 Northern Ireland Executive ( 2012 ) available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.northernireland.gov.uk/index/media-centre/news-departments/news-dhssps/news-dhssps-08032012-obesity-cuts-life.htm ( Accessed 08/11/2012 @ 20.15 ) Philpott, T ( 2008 ) ‘A Contemplation of the Lasing Legacy of the 1970s USDA Secretary Earl Butz ‘ available at hypertext transfer protocol: //grist.org/article/the-butz-stops-here ( Accessed 7/11/2012 ) Richardson, W.B. ( 2008 ) ‘The Health of Nations: A Review of the Works of Edwin Chadwick ‘ , Volume I. BiblioLife, LLC Ritzer, G. ( 2004 ) ‘The McDonaldization of Society ‘ , SAGE, California UCL Institute of Health Equity ( 2012 ) ‘Strategic Review of Health Inequalities in England: Post-2010 ( The Marmot Review ) ‘ , available at www.marmotreview.org ( Accessed 9/11/2012 ) Whitehead, M. , Townsend, P. , Davidson, N. , Daivdsen, N. , ( 1992 ) ‘Inequalities in Health: The Black Report and the Health Divide ‘ , Penguin Books Ltd ; New edition ( 29 Oct 1992 ) World Health Organisation ( 2006 ) ‘Commission on Social Determinants of Health ‘ , available at www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/csdh_brochure.pdf ( Accessed 09/11/2012 @ 17.56 ) World Health Organisation ( 2012 ) ‘Health Policy ‘ , available at www.who.int/topics/health_policy/en/ ( Accessed 05/11/2012 @ 8.50 ) World Health Organisation ( 2012 ) ‘Obesity ‘ , available at www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/ ( Accessed 05/11/2012 @ 17.43 )Appendix 1

Research Report on the House Permanent Select Committee on I essays

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support groups essays

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College Athletes Should be Paid to Play - Essay Example Some argue that athletes are paid by virtue of their scholarship and that is sufficient reimbursement for their services. Putting aside for the moment that athletes that participate in the more popular sports earn millions of dollars for the university and that other students reap these benefits as well, athletes are denied the same lack of restrictions to earn while they learn and as a result should be somewhat compensated. The NCAA alone makes hundreds of millions of dollars every year from the men’s March basketball tournament. The bowl games that follow the regular football season supply the conferences with revenues of many million each winter. Now add up ticket and concession proceeds, corporate sponsorships and money gained from merchandise sales that without the presence of sports would not be funneled into a university annually. The athletes know that they generate literally many billions of dollars for their schools, yet are not allowed to earn even pocket change whi le at school, giving their all for ‘ole State U. Athletes are allowed only the most meager of an existence under NCAA regulations. Meanwhile, they witness other students with money enough at least for an occasional date and their coach earning a multi-million dollar salary but know that they are the ones that make the greatest sacrifices. The NCAA reports that of the 1000 schools in its membership, only 40 earn a profit each year, all of which are Division I-A institutions and have either a successful football or basketball program. Though revenues continue to rise for these select schools; the remaining schools are suffering growing deficits. In most cases, schools utilize money gained from its more successful and thus profitable sports programs to fund the other sports activities at the school such as the bulk of women’s athletic programs. The vast majority of schools could not afford to pay for programs that did not pay for themselves if not for the athletes that put ‘butts in seats.’ These athletes are producing enormous revenues that not only pay for other sports programs but pump money into the general scholarship fund. Athletes should be compensated at least minimally but not just athletes that are involved in revenue producing sports. All college athletes should receive a modest salary because all of them allocate so much of their time to their particular sport. Even the non-profitable sports programs provide publicity to the institutions in amounts impossible to quantify. â€Å"There are also student-athletes who have to leave school early because they do not have enough money to continue, or to pay their bills and leaving school for a career in professional sports is an easy way of making money.   The argument is that if student-athletes get paid, they will remain in school and complete their education† (Meshefejian, 2005). When a student-athlete or their family is experiencing financial problems as is the case in m any situations, the pressure to quit school and pursue a professional career is immense. What would motivate an athlete in this predicament to stay and finish school if they were offered even a minor league contract or a backup role at the major league level? Many examples exist where athletes opt to turn professional, then are out of a job within a year or two and cannot return to school because they can no longer be offered a scholarship. If they could have justified, financially speaking, staying in school, many may have graduated and whether or not they succeeded at the professional level, they would have had a diploma and therefore a solid career and a

Concepts of Supply and Demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Concepts of Supply and Demand - Essay Example Figure 1.0 below shows in detail what the elasticity of demand portends for the price and quantity of a given item as a function of graphic analysis. Of course it cannot always be understood that price elasticity of demand will be a primal motivating factor (Fouquet, 2012). Due to the fact that the market for many goods and services has a very inelastic price elasticity of demand, the actual level of demand that consumers express bears little relation to the price that is being offered for the commodity. Figure 1.0 Source: Marban, Zwaan, Grigoriev, Hiller, & Vredeveld, 2012 This particular graph is indicative of an elastic demand curve. It is important to bear in mind that the demand curve is not steeply sloping; rather, it exhibits a gradual decline as price fluctuates. Naturally, determinants such as consumer time horizon will greatly impact the total elasticity that is represented in the above representation by elongating and flattening the demand curve as a result of the fact tha t the consumer believes that the cost is likely to change within the near future (Chai & Moneta, 2010). Similar changes to the demand curve will also be noted if/when changes to the consumer’s income are noted and/or if the availability of substitutes weakens or strengthens the demand that has hitherto been illustrated. Cross price elasticity Similarly, â€Å"cross price elasticity† is a term that is used to measure the responsiveness of the demand for a given good to the change in price of a competing good. This level of change is given as a percentage point and is derived as a function of measuring the percentage change in price of the secondary good/commodity (Marban, Zwaan, Grigoriev, Hiller & Vredeveld, 2012). As a quick example, if the price of shipping were to increase by 10% and the price of the finished good itself were to decrease by 25%, the following formula would be used to calculate the cross price elasticity of the given good: -25/10= -2.5. In this way, the reader can see the level to which competing goods/commodities play with relation to the elasticity of demand for a given product within the marketplace (Khan, 2012). An important fact to note is that the question of whether the cross price elasticity is positive or negative denotes whether or not the given good/commodity in question is either complimentary or supplementary of the primary good. Negative cross elasticity means that two products are compliments whereas a positive means that they are supplementary to each other. Figure 2.0 represents the graphical interpretation of cross price elasticity. Figure 2.0 Source: Arak & Spiro, 1973 Income elasticity Thirdly, this brief analysis will consider the term â€Å"income elasticity.† This can be described as the responsiveness of demand for a given good or service to the change in the overall income of the individuals who are demanding the item. In much the same way as the previous term was calculated, income elasticity is calculated as the percentage change in the demand as compared to the percentage change in the income of the affected consumer base (Fouquet, 2012). In this way, the observer could calculate a 10% increase in income as compared to the demand for a good increasing by 20% as 20%/10%=2. Figure 3.0 illustrates the decreasing demand for a product as a function of reducing incomes of the affected population that would otherwise serve as the primary consumers of the given good/service/commodity. Figure 3.0 Sources: Fouquet, 2012 Increases in consumer spending/income would

Gender leadership style in the workforce. Who is more respected Assignment

Gender leadership style in the workforce. Who is more respected - Assignment Example There are various diversity conceptualizations as highlighted by the researchers, which define the equality in gender representation at the place of work (Qin, Muenjohn & Chhetri, 2014, 133). b). Nowadays men and women are fighting for gender equality in the executive and management positions with the study results showing that men are more effective in fighting for gender change compared to women (De Vries, 2015, 28). ii). The findings of the research indicate that an executive composed of both genders is more effective in the execution of the organization duties than one with no gender diversity (Qin, Muenjohn & Chhetri, 2014, 134). ii). The executive can use its powers to influence diversity in the workforce through allocation of posts to women by proposing a percentage for women representation (Qin, Muenjohn & Chhetri, 2014, 134). ii) In some financial institutions, the participation of women is very important in the development of the economy yet the disparity in the recruitment of managers reduces their participation (Shelley, 2011, 151). d). However, for the 200 top universities researched globally, only 28 are headed by women showing that gender bias is still a concern. Other universities lack women in te top leadership positions (Of the top 200†¦, 2015 n.p). ii). Sex, gender, perceptions, and disparity can affect the behavior of various leaders and lead to the discouragement of female leaders to take top leadership roles (Kenneth, & Tracey 2015, 109). Ghulam Abbas, JavedIqbal, AjmalWaheed, & M NaveedRiaz. (2012). Relationship between transformational leadership style and innovative work behavior in educational institutions.Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 22(3), 18. Shelley Reciniello. (2011). Is the woman the future of man? an exploration of the potential of women in the knowledge economy and of the problem of gender inequality in the workplace.