Supreme Court Cases on Separation of Church and State Clauses

The United States of America was founded on the basis of religious freedom. Judgment on the legality of the Separation of Church and State should not be based on one’s religion. The phrase â€Å"Separation of church and state† sometimes known as the â€Å"wall of separation between church and state,† is a phrase used by Thomas Jefferson in understanding the two clauses of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States: the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause. The Establishment Clause is prohibits the government fro making any laws dealing with religion. As the second clause, The Free Exercise Clause goes along with the Establishment clause stating that Congress cannot make any law pertaining to religion or a law that†¦show more content†¦The American education system is one of the main places of controversy for the Separation of Church and State. Almost every child in the United States attends some type of school, many of them public systems. In such a school setting, these children are often exposed to the beliefs of their teachers and administrators, as well as their own classmates. In Greece, New York, ever since 1999, the town board has begun their monthly gatherings with prayer. Rev. Lou Sirianni begins his gathering by stating: Be thou present, O God of wisdom, and direct the councils of this honorable assembly, the prayer ended, All this we ask in the name and through the merits of Jesus Christ, Thy Son and our Savior (Wolf 1). Recently in 2007, two residents who regularly attended board meetings, Susan Galloway and Linda Stephens, complained that the prayers were promoting more of a Christian community than any other religion (Masci 3). Although separation of church and state is stated briefly in the First Amendment, these two ladies had the right to go after the town for not allowing a freedom of religion and for most importantly throwing religion into a government owned school function. The cas e was brought to the Supreme Court in 2007 and is still under debate, with a result hopefully by the end of June 2014. The question is whether or not this prayer is allowed at a school function. Not everyone is willing to putShow MoreRelatedSepartion of Church and State Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesConstitution of the United States was written to give citizens certain privileges and rights in the way of free thought and freedom. The Establishment Clause was one way that civilians were protecting religious liberty by the separation of church and state. Within our political and school systems there have been a number of controversial issues to include religious holidays, school prayer, teaching evolution and aid to church based schools. The Supreme Court has ruled in many cases in regards to theseRead MoreSeparation of Church and State685 Words   |  3 PagesThe United States of America was founded on the basis of religious freedom. Judgment on the legality of the Separation of Church and State should not be based on one’s religion. The phrase â€Å"Separation of church and state† sometimes known as â€Å"wall of separation between church and state†, is a phrase used by Thomas Jefferson in understanding the two clauses of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States: Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause. The public education systemRead MoreThe Supreme Court On The American Public School System Essay1702 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1947, the Supreme Court ruled 5 to 4 in favor of the defendant in a case named Everson v Board of Education. In this case, the Majority opinion laid out an interpretation of the Establishment Clause in the First Amendment of the Constitution for the first time in regards to how it should be applied. As such, it would set the precedence for the way that the Supreme Court would look at the First Amendment even until today. Although in this particular instance, the Supreme Court rule d in favor ofRead MoreThe separation of church and state1200 Words   |  5 PagesThe separation of church and state has been a long debated topic in the history of America. Although founded upon Christian ideals, the framers of the Constitution explicitly outlined the government to function secularly, in what is commonly referred to as the â€Å"Establishment Clause†. When interpreting the Constitution in regards to religion, there are two primary philosophies. The first philosophy this paper will explore will be referred to as Positive Toleration. In general, the idea of positiveRead MoreThe Constitutionality Of Providing Tax Exemption Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pageswas upheld in the U.S. Supreme Court case Walz v. Tax Comm n of the City of New York. Frederick Walz, a New York real estate owner, brought the suit against the New York City Tax Commission on the grounds that the property tax exemption for churches forced taxpayers to indirectly contribute to those churches, thus violating the Establishment clause. The Supreme Court upheld the property tax exemption for churches, ruling that it did not violate the Establishment clause. In the majority opinionRead MoreThe Controversy Over Creationism And Evolution1415 Words   |  6 Pagesdramatically different. One central court case that created a spark of bringing evolution to public schools was the infamous Scopes trial of 1925 in which science teacher John Scopes challenged Tennessee state law and taught evolution in his high school science class. Tennessee state legislature had passed a bill, known as the Butler Act just months before, banning the teaching of evolution. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) represented Scopes after his arrest in a case that riveted public attentionRead MoreSeparation Of Church And State Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesSeparation of church and state is a defined as, the understanding of the intent, and function of the Establishment Clause, and Free Exercise Clause. The Combination of church and state has been a topic that, many generations have struggled with for centuries. The first amendment of the constitution states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law about our religious beliefs, or prohibiting our free exercise of religion† If we put our faith in the constitution to define the founding father’s standpoint ofRead More Separation Of Church And State Essay1747 Words   |  7 PagesSeparation of Church and State By the middle of the 20th Century, the United States had emerged as a world power. It accomplished this through its leadership in defeating Germany and Japan in World War II. These two countries main objective was to enslave the world and destroy political, religious, and economic freedom. In Germany or Japan, anyone who disagreed with these goals, or was different was destroyed. This was a common practice in these two fascist countries. Unfortunately, at Read MoreSex Marriage License Does Not Violate The Lemon Test1084 Words   |  5 Pagesreligion: A public official allowing the deputy clerk to sign a same-sex marriage license does not violate the â€Å"Lemon Test†. However, making adherence to a religion can prohibit religion. Justice O’Connor concurred, that the Establishment Clause can prohibit in two principle ways and â€Å"One is excessive *688 entanglement with religious institutions, which may interfere with the independence of the institutions, give the institutions access to government or governmental powers not fully sharedRead MoreReligion and the United State Consitution1500 Words   |  6 PagesNo other independent enlightenment in the world allows individual independence to the United States of America. American courts, especially the Supreme Court, have improved a set of lawful policies that comprehensively shelter all types of the power of appearance. When it comes to appraising the level to which people take benefit of the occasion to convey believes, many members of cultur e can be accountable for misusing the boundary of the First Amendment through openly offending others through

Fashion Photography - 2258 Words

| FASHION PHOTOGRAPHY | SIDDHALI DOSHI | | SECTION F | 11/30/2011 | | TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Executive summary 1 2. Introduction 2 3. History 4 4. Popular digital cameras 6 5. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of writing this report is to enhance my knowledge on the topic that most interests me. Fashion photography is an essential part in the fashion world. The scope of writing this report is to learn all I can about fashion photography and use my findings in the future. I began my research by referring to some books from the library. Then I referred to the web. I learnt many interesting facts. I learnt†¦show more content†¦In 1911, photographer Edward Steichen was â€Å"dared† by Lucien Vogel, the publisher of Jardin des Modes and La Gazette du Bon Ton, to promote fashion as a fine art by the use of photography. Steichen then took photos of gowns designed by couturier Paul Poiret. These photographs were published in the April 1911 issue of the magazine Art et Decoration. In the mid 1940’s the artists abandoned their rigid forms for a much freer style. In 1936, Martin Munkacsi made the first photographs of models in sporty poses at the beach. The models in early fashion photographs were most frequently society ladies and theatre and screen actresses rather than women working as living mannequins. Even early fashionistas needed some place to turn for the latest in style information- hence the publication of fashion magazines. Among the first was Godey’s Lady’s Book and Harper’s. While early fashion photographers focused simply on taking pictures that made both the clothing and model look good, they soon evolved to view fashion photography as a great outlet for expressing their artistic viewpoints. For example, photographers in the early 20th century, such as Baron de Meyer, generated artistic effects by using a lot of backlighting and soft-focusing. Other photographers, such as George Hoyningen-Huene and Cecil Beaton, used props. 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Its make nude photogra phy, a form of passion in the male body fully exposed to even let people thinkRead MoreCamera Lucid Reflections Of Photography1226 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"What the Photograph reproduces to infinity has occurred only once: the Photograph mechanically repeats what could never be repeated existentially,† Roland Barthes stated in his book Camera Lucida: Reflections of Photography. Photography is the key to capturing a moment in time that will not reoccur again. You can try, but it will not be that exact moment you once saw before. A camera is a very powerful tool. It allows the artist to use it to display and present their message they are trying toRead MoreRichard Avedon : Artist And Motion Blur Photographs926 Words   |  4 Pagesphotographer, they see the quality of picture by the lighting in the background, exposure, and the focus that creates that perfect picture. When I think of a good professional photographer, I think of Richard Avedon. 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One of them being fashion photographers, or glamour photographersRead MoreEssay about Lotus Production Wedding Photography1001 Words   |  5 PagesLotus Production Wedding Photography Creating beautiful images is something that we have been deeply passionate about for many years and we enjoy every single second of the process. At Lotus Production we brings our own unique perspective into play when we capture that shutter, combining our skills to develop photographs that we feel define your unique and special moments in life. To make the images look beautiful and real we bring the elements of fashion photography and combine them with the emotion

Mall of America free essay sample

Why has the Mall of America been such a marketing success so far? The main reason for the success of the Mall of America is its unique retail-entrainment mix. This mall offers more than the regional malls. Because of the uniqueness of this mall it attract 40 million visitors each year. Visiting the one-stop complex offering retail shopping, guest service, convenience, and a huge variety of entertainment and fun for all. The location was the focus of the mall along with the size and the shopping experience, which make life easier to visit with out being confuse. This mall has something to offer everyone. What specific marketing actions would you propose that Mall of America managers take to ensure its continuing success in attracting visitors (a) from the local metropolitan area and (b) from outside it? Keep the mall fresh and exciting. To keep the local metropolitan area resident exciting about visiting the mall, managers should look into extending the rail service all the way to the mall area with out raising the price of the fare. We will write a custom essay sample on Mall of America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Local resident prefer to have stores that are trust worthy and have good quality, the mall should offer a early-bird special at the movie theater. For the first time visit from outside, there should be a tour guide of the mall to show them around so that they are not confuse and a food voucher should be included at one of the restaurant within the food court. They should also receive a goody bag with all the stores and information about the stores and the mall within a whole. Because of the diverse this mall have a lot to offer for everybody.

The Effect of Music in a Developing Fetus Essay Example For Students

The Effect of Music in a Developing Fetus Essay Mothers who do not secure their fetus in a safe environment are asking the chance of their child experiencing birth defects at birth. Every mother wants to give birth too healthy child. It can be heartbreaking for a mother to find out that their child has been born with a birth defect such as a hearing problem or possibly having a deaf child. Music has a powerful effect to our emotions, and it can affect the way we think. Music can calm the baby but mothers should be aware of the possibilities of birth defects, such as, hard-hearing, deaf, and even death. We will write a custom essay on The Effect of Music in a Developing Fetus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Many mothers have a concern if music is the best thing for their growing fetus or can it harm the fetus. There have been many articles stating that classical music helps make the baby become smarter but there are no proven scientific facts. Classical music is most suggested for the unborn to listen to because it can stimulate the baby and can come out with positive results (Pregnancy-info. Net, 2012). Exposure to loud chaotic music can cause some birth defects when baby is born (Coil, 2012). Classical music has had a positive impact on the pregnant woman, which makes people believe that it has the same impact on the fetus. The smoothing sounds of the classical music has proven to be more relaxing and can help lower blood pressure, earth burn and morning sickness for some. A study done in the sass showed that listening to the classic pianist Mozart can help improve spatial reasoning in college students (Heinous, 2009). After this news got out to the public there was a craze that people wanted the younger generations to listen to Mozart to become more intelligent. Mothers were told to have their toddlers then infants then fetus listen to Mozart so they can become more intelligent when they grow up. Though this may not be true since we do not know what is going on with the fetus mentally or cognitively while in the womb. Classical music has had a positive impact on the pregnant woman, which makes people believe that it has the same impact on the fetus. Many mothers have questioned if having their fetus exposed to music could come to a positive or negative result. According to the website pregnancy-info. Net (2012), playing soft music for your fetus stimulates the fetus to be calm and is probably best for the fetus development rather than loud chaotic music. Fetal breathing patterns were measure by researchers and in the result it showed that babies respond to musical rhythms, and that calm music has an effect for soothing the baby (Music and By Tangency throughout the pregnancy the fetus will show interest in that song for about the first year of life. Prenatal musical stimulation can definitely come in positive results such as increased attention span, improved sleeping habits, increased cognitive development, and a higher level of language skills (Music and Your Fetus, 2012). There are no proven facts that playing music for the unborn child will make him or her smarter but studies have shown that it makes the baby do better in math-related studies (Music and Your Fetus, Para. 5). Rock music is considered too chaotic for the tutus and can cause hearing problems when the baby is born (Coil, 2012). However, classical and acoustic music is soft and smoothing; it is most recommended for the fetus to hear because it keeps them calm. According to the website articles. Com (2008), a study showed that constant exposure to aggressive loud chaotic music negatively alters the brains development. .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c , .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c .postImageUrl , .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c , .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c:hover , .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c:visited , .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c:active { border:0!important; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c:active , .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Traditions Around the World Chapter EssayPlaying calming and pleasant music at a level of 70 decibels or lower will surely soothe the mother and the baby (Coil, 2012, Para. 5). A study done by Daily Mail showed that when they split pregnant women into wow groups, with 116 given music CDC and 120, in the control group, receiving normal pregnancy care found that after two weeks those in the music group were far less stressed, depressed or anxious (NASH Knowledge Service, 2008). The most appropriate age for a fetus to be introduce to music is around the twenty-eighth week and some say even earlier (Music and Your Fetus, 2012). According to Pregnancy-info. Net (2012) at about 24 weeks the fetus outer, middle, and inner ear are well-developed and by 27 to 30 weeks old the fetus ear is mature enough to respond to the sounds around him/her. Though it has been found true that evolving fetus are stimulated by sounds, there has been no true evidence to prove the baby will learn while growing in the womb (Heinous, 2009). You can play a song, read a book or even talk to your baby, and you may get a kick or movement in your belly, but it is not known if the baby is gaining any knowledge (Arabian, 2012). The first scientific approach that was used to detect fetal hearing capacities was performed by Prayer in 1885. Studies have shown that the onset of fetal responses to sound has been used by a variety of UN-physiological stimulation; an example would be a broadcasting stimulation device (VASS). Hundreds of studies were tested on VASS for fetal well-being from 1980 and onwards, no reactions were found when VASS was used in deaf fetus and that proved that a fetus hearing ability depended on cochlear function. A study has shown that a fetus at nineteen weeks and onwards were presented with 100 Hzs-3000 Hzs tone frequencies and first response was at 23 weeks at 500 Hzs, 27 weeks 100-500 Hzs and at 31 weeks responses were observed at 1000-3000 HZS (Arabian, 2002). A big concern for mothers is the safety of exposing their unborn child to music. One study, done by the American Academy of Pediatrics, cooked at the affects of loud music and its harm to a fetus. To gather all this information they waited for the baby to be born and then examined the newborns hearing and made their conclusions. The mothers for this experiment had to consistently be around noise that was eight five to ninety decibels. The outcome to the several tests showed that the exposure to chaotic noise during pregnancy may result in high-frequency hearing loss in newborns (American Academy of Pediatrics, 1997). Exposure to soft smoothing music for the fetus can stimulate and calm the baby, and the mother as well (Coil, 2012). Soft calming music is most suggested if you want to stimulate your fetus but keep the volume at a low pitch. You would not want to over stimulate your baby. The mother should play music that she finds calming and relaxing. Usually if the music calms the mother the same will go for the child (Pregnant-info. Net, 2012). However, exposure to loud chaotic music can cause birth defects such as hearing loss, increases the chances of giving birth prematurely, and having the baby born with a low birth weight (Coil, 2012). Of course every mother wants what is best for their baby so it is important not to turn up the music o high because it can definitely come out with the opposite effect you are aiming for with your child exposed to music (Pregnancy-info. Net, 2012). In conclusion, the effect of music in a developing fetus is yet to be studied. There are no scientific facts proving whether music is a good influence on the fetus or not. There are some articles that state that it helps the brain development or helps improve math-related studies and there are some articles that state that it can cause birth defects. The mother must take into consideration that she must avoid loud aggressive chaotic music for the safety of her unborn baby. After the observation, it is clear that soft calming music can help soothe the mother and the fetus and possibly come out with positive results. .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 , .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 .postImageUrl , .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 , .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4:hover , .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4:visited , .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4:active { border:0!important; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4:active , .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Modern Music EssayLoud chaotic music can definitely cause major birth defects, such as, a deaf baby, a hard-hearing baby, and even death. It is recommended to stay away from loud areas while pregnant for the safety of the unborn baby. If a mother is unsure to expose music to her fetus, a mothers voice is always the best option rather than making a decision that could affect the growing fetus. REFERENCES 1 . Pregnancy-info. Et. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. Pregnancy-info. Net/music- and-your-fetus. HTML 2. Coil, B. (2012). Livingston. Com.

Famous Chinese Horse Proverb Sai Weng Lost His Horse

Famous Chinese Horse Proverb 'Sai Weng Lost His Horse' Chinese proverbs (è « ºÃ¨ ªÅ¾, ynyÃ… ­) are an important aspect of Chinese culture and language. But what makes Chinese proverbs all the more extraordinary is that so much is communicated in so few characters. Proverbs generally carry multiple layers of meaning despite the fact that they are commonly only comprised of four characters. These short sayings and idioms each sum up a larger, well-known cultural story or myth, the moral of which is meant to convey some greater truth or provide guidance in everyday life. There are hundreds of famous Chinese proverbs from Chinese literature, history, art, and ​famous figures and philosophers. Some of our favorites are horse proverbs.​ The Significance of the Horse in Chinese Culture The horse is an important motif in Chinese culture and, in particular, Chinese mythology. In addition to the very real contributions made to China by the horse as a means of transportation to military power, the horse holds great symbolism to the Chinese. Of the twelve cycles of the Chinese zodiac, the seventh is associated with the horse. The horse is also a famous symbol within mythological composite creatures like the longma or dragon-horse, which was associated with one of the legendary sage rulers. The Most Famous Chinese Horse Proverb One of the most famous horse proverbs is Ã¥ ¡Å¾Ã§ ¿ Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã© ¦ ¬ (SÄ i WÄ“ng ShÄ « MÇŽ) or SÄ i WÄ“ng lost his horse. The meaning of the proverb is only apparent when one is familiar with the accompanying story of SÄ i WÄ“ng, which begins with an old man who lived on the frontier: SÄ i WÄ“ng lived on the border and he raised horses for a living. One day, he lost one of his prized horses. After hearing of the misfortune, his neighbor felt sorry for him and came to comfort him. But SÄ i WÄ“ng simply asked, â€Å"How could we know it is not a good thing for me?†After a while, the lost horse returned and with another beautiful horse. The neighbor came over again and congratulated  SÄ i WÄ“ng on his good fortune. But SÄ i WÄ“ng simply asked, â€Å"How could we know it is not a bad thing for me?†One day, his son went out for a ride with the new horse. He was violently thrown from the horse and broke his leg. The neighbors once again expressed their condolences to SÄ i WÄ“ng, but SÄ i WÄ“ng simply said, â€Å"How could we know it is not a good thing for me?† One year later, the Emperor’s army arrived at the village to recruit all able-bodied men to fight in the war. Because of his injury, SÄ i WÄ“ngâ₠¬â„¢s son could not go off to war, and was spared from certain death. The Meaning of SÄ i WÄ“ng ShÄ « MÇŽ The proverb can be read to have multiple implications when it comes to the concept of luck and fortune. The end of the story seems to suggest that every misfortune comes with a silver lining, or as we might put it in English- a blessing in disguise. But within the story is also the sense that with what at first appears to be good luck can come misfortune. Given its dual meaning, this proverb is commonly said when bad luck turns to good or when good luck turns to bad.

The Biomechanics in Archery Essays - Medical Subject Headings

The Biomechanics in Archery Essays - Medical Subject Headings The Biomechanics in Archery Archery is the sport, practice or skill of using a bow to shoot arrows. A person who participates in archery is called an archer or a bowman. 482603937000 Archery has been around for many years, and some sources say for as long as 15,000 years. The first bow created was most likely used for hunting and wasn't used for combat until later, and archery was practiced in every country except for Australia. Archery used to be associated as a lower-class weapon, and was not popular until the Vikings successfully won many battles with a bow as their main weapon. In the 100-year war, the English had started using bows, with even children fighting and training with bows. Since guns were invented, the bow has become less popular and is no longer used in combat. The first guns were not as accurate as an archer and arrow, but could pierce armour. Guns are now a lot better than bows in many ways, and archery is now only used for sporting purposes. There are many different types of archery for recreational activities; target archery, field archery, clout archery and bow hunting. Target archery, or competitive archery, is the most common form of archery and is practiced at an international level, even featuring at the Olympics. There are two types if bows, recurve and compound. Recurve bows are the simpler of the types of bows, featuring between one and three pieces that make up the frame, and a single string. Though not required, many recurve bows are made from wood, and are lighter than compound bows. Compound bows are the modern version of the recurve, and have become very popular in recent decades, both for hunting and shooting. Compound bows use a pulley system that takes strain off of the bow and provides slack for the archer, making it easier to shoot with accuracy. Since muscles fatigue, but bones do not, archers have developed a technique to minimize the amount of muscle exertion and maximize use of bones. To maximize effectiveness of the body, archer's try to line the bow up directly along the bones and joints. This is because if an archer has the bows force through the centre, no muscles are needed to keep the bones and joints in place. This minimizes the amount of muscular effort required from the archer. 3375042160083500 Most the bones in our body are used in archery. Bones give us our shape and our posture. Without the spine and leg bones, we wouldn't be able to stand up straight. Without our arm bones we wouldn't be able to hold the bow etc. bones act as a base for muscles, ligaments and tendons. Ligaments connect bones to bones, and tendons connect muscles to our bones. They all work together to allow us to move. The arm contains 3 muscles, the humerus between the scapula and elbow, and the ulna and radius between the elbow and wrist. Each arm is attached to the scapula (shoulder blade) near the top of ou r ribs on the back, and in the front the arm is attached to the clavicle (collar bone). The bones supply the arm 303022017000 muscles with something to attach to, to allow movement, which is used when holding, drawing and releasing the bow. Other bones that are used near the arm are the phalanges, carpals and metacarpals. The carpals are a set of eight i rregular shaped bone s located in the wrist and meta carpals a located between the carpals and phalanges. . These bones assist the phalanges (finger bones) in pressing, grasping, clipping and clasping objects. To hold the bow and to release the string, the phalanges and carpals and metacarpals are involved with gripping the bow and string, and the arrow, and then releasing the string to let the arrow fly. The legs and pelvis/hips are also used in archery. The legs are attached to the pelvis at the hips. The legs are strong so they can support the rest of the body. The legs consist of the femur, between the pelvis and knee, and the fibula and tibia , between the knee and ankle. these bones are vital for standing and

Goodwill and routine emails Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Goodwill and routine emails - Essay Example I encourage you to consider the power of the written word. Please review the following website to gain valuable insight about how to best make this happen: http://csun.edu/vcecn006/email.html. 5) No personal emails are to be sent from any company computer. Please remember that our resources are limited, and we need to reserve space on our sever strictly for communication with our clients. This includes no forwarding of emails and no mass emails to company departments, without approval of your immediate supervisor. I realize that change is difficult at first, but this new policy is being implemented in an effort to step up the level of great service we already offer to our clients. We need to begin carefully consider how we reach out to our customers and how the words we say impact our ability to close the sale. While these changes are non-negotiable, I certainly understand that you may have some questions about them. Please know that my door is always open and I am available to help explain the rationale behind these decisions. In addition, my management team stands at the ready to help you implement these changes. You will, for example, want to create folders in your inbox in order to retain and organize your messages. This can be done with ease, but it would be helpful to know some shortcuts to make that transition simple and painless. Please begin scheduling times with your team if you need assistance. Remember that the company email policy does go into effect on Monday, so I hope that each of you spends the remainder of the week getting yourselves prepared. As mentioned in our course readings, it is important to write professional emails in a business setting. Since emails are meant to simulate verbal conversations, we need to ensure that we maintain a proper tone in our communication. This involves, among other things, avoiding all capital letters, alternative font

Reading Assessment for Adult ELS Learners Essay

Reading Assessment for Adult ELS Learners - Essay Example The reasons to look for reliable evidence in support of instructional practices are to minimize some of the negative consequences of informal practitioner lore and be more effective in helping students develop as readers. This paper presents a synthesis of research on the nature of reading. In so doing, it suggests a number of ways in which our understanding of reading can be progressed and tries to highlight some important ways to test instructional practices and search for more effective outcomes. It has also examined unique aspects of processing for second language reading. From this foundation of research, the paper then explores issues that concern second language reading assessment. There is lack of agreement among the specialist for definitions of reading. Some of available definitions for reading are development of set of habits and mastery of mechanics, ability to get fact from printed page and ability to carry on the varied and complex processes which we commonly associate with thinking (Traxler, 1944). Many specialist prefer last view of reading because it covers not only testing of reading habits and skill in obtaining facts from printed matter but also includes the appraisal of ability to comprehend all types of reading material to form judgments, to appreciate literary quality, to apply generalization and to perform various kind of mental activity characteristic of all fields (Traxler, 1944). Difficulties of learning Becoming informed about difficulties for different for L2 students can assist all of us in interpreting reading research and the many assertions made about effective reading instruction, recognizing the particular demands of L2 reading and investigating pertinent concerns in our own classrooms (Grabe & stoller, 2002). An investigation was carried out of the level of agreement on the identification of selected reading sub skills, relationship between these sub skills in terms of perceived difficulty. A summary of uniqueness estimates from within-day and across-day matrixes that result from cross validation by items in the entire sample of 988 examinees is done. It seems reasonable to prefer cross validation by items only. Sampling variation in sets of items drawn from the eight populations of comprehension skills was of chief concern in this study (Davis, 1968). Different Skills considered were recalling word meanings (35), drawing inferences about the meaning of a word from context (-1), finding answers to questions answered explicitly or in paraphrase (13), weaving together ideas in the content (5), drawing inferences from the content (23), recognizing a writer's purpose, attitude, tone and mood (14), identifying a writer's techniques (8) and following structure of passage (15). It was noted that drawing inferences about the meaning of a word from context percentages is slightly negative (-1); presumably this is a chance deviation from a true percentage close to zero. The largest percentages of unique variance occur in the case of memory for word meanings (35). The data indicate that about 32 per cent of the non-error variance of this

Compare and contrast Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast Essay Bodhisattva is a special illumination where the adept is believed to be awakened to minds of greater power. Buddhists believe that in bodhisattva the individual is made to obtain an enlightened thought. This kind of illumination obtained has to originate from the universal mind. Through this the adept receives a divine power that flows in his own body, stimulates his sense receptors to make him enjoy an inward spiritual awakening in his whole body (Robinson and Johnson, pg 271-296). Tantric adept focuses on the use of sound of the goddess in order to bring oneness of body, soul and spirit. This makes the individuals attain the ability to expel emotional pain, self depression and individual despair. Tantra implies the process of having a sense of mythical vibrations and sounds. Buddhism and Hinduism believe that through the worship of the goddess, the tantrans acquire a self realization and awareness. BODHISATTVA AND THE TANTRIC ADEPT Bodhisattva is believed to consider the destruction of an era to be as a result of oneself. Atman is thought to be the case where the individual deserves the punishment and the eventual destruction. In most cases this results in the complete extinction of a generation. Tantric adept on the other hand considers the destruction of an era to emerge from duality. In its expression, it opposes the unity that is believed to lead to the realization of Atman. In Bodhisattva, the main identity is Chimaminda which stands for kali. It describes the victory of the Buddhist as followers of Buddha the goddess (De Bary, William, 2003 chapter 1, 2, 3, 4). Tantric adept on the other hand focuses on chinamasta which Hindus consider to be associated with Kama and Rati. This iconography means the process of copulating bodies. It basically demonstrates the creation and his eventual destruction to be part of the human cycle. Prior to Bodhisattva the adept is expected to receive an element called archetype of Buddha. This is the knowledge that erupts all over suddenly without the individual realizing. This same concept is seen in tantric adept which advocates for self realization. Bodhisattva advocates for an inward awakening of the individuals to know what they did not know (Robinson and Johnson, pg. 130-137). The adept should therefore receive a prior archetype of Buddha. This knowledge acquisition is sudden while Tantric adept advocate for women enrolment in Tantra because of the special place they have in the society. Tantric adept encourages initiations which will allow women spiritual and aspiration desires to come to a fulfillment whereas Bodhisattva perceives men to be more superior to women in all spheres. In both Bodhisattva and tantric adept, chinnamaster are understood through having a prior knowledge of Kundalini yoga, susumna, Ida and Pingala. These are the major four channels of great importance to Buddhism and Hinduism. Having a perception of duality is believed to be caused by the inability of the two channels to enter the susumna when it is closed. When the tantric adept has acquired the knowledge of having a feeling of free blood circulation right from the central part, the individual is said to be self realized. The tantric thus uses the knowledge learnt to untie the knots creating undisrupted flow of energy. Both Bodhisattva and Tantric adept considers the goddess head to show destruction of generation (De Bary, William, 2003 chapter 1, 2, 3, 4). The teachings involved in Bodhisattva are hard and quite longer than those of tantric adept. There is only one sudden enlighten at gotra. However this kind of experience lives the adept with wounds of how to master bodhisattva as a way of living. CHARACTERISTICS OF TANTRIC ADEPT All acquired merits are shared which allows an individual to be free from all calamities. Due to this the Buddhist lives together peacefully. Characteristics of prosperity originates from Buddha Worship is done in twenty different ways followed by a dedication for acceptance The Bodhisattva have undergo initiation CHARACTERISTICS OF BODHISATTVA Its basis is on the inward awakening of the individuals It is characterized with an element called archetype Believes in a sudden knowledge acquiring There activity and career are long and hard making enlightens to be above gotra. SPIRITUAL AND SOCIAL GOALS OF THE BODHISATTVA AND THE TANTRIC ADEPT Their spiritual belief is on the worship of goddess called Buddha Spiritually it is recommended for the Hindus and the Buddhists to only take refuge in Budda, dhamna and Sangha. These centers are commonly referred to as the Sarangamana. Spiritually they recommend the recognition of the good deeds of an individual. This is encouraged in the spiritual context of the Buddhist to be a sincere approval of them. The Bodhisattva and Tantric adept considers all its faithful to be ignorant. Buddha therefore has a responsibility to provide guidance to the individuals (De Bary, William, 2003 chapter 1, 2, 3, 4). This is called Yacana according to the Buddha perspective. Spiritually teachings of Buddha are not just meant for an individual. These teachings should be offered to others. This merit is meant to inculcate positively of the persons and is referred to as Parimmana. Spiritually every one who subscribe to this faith is expected to develop bodhisattva. Work cited De Bary, William. The Buddhist Tradition. USA: Random house, Inc. 2003. Robinson and Johnson. Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction 4th Ed. USA: Wadsworth publishing Company, 2006. Keith Dowman. Sky Dancer. Nepal, USA: Snow Lion, 1996

Simon Bolivar :: essays research papers

Throughout history there have been several leaders who used their cunning and sly intelligence to trick the general population into following them and their beliefs. Eventually, these leaders had so much support, they could no longer be called leaders, but absolute and dictatorial rulers. However, during the period of Enlightenment and of the French Revolution, non-maleficent ideas, created by Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and other Enlightenment Philosophes, were spread throughout the European population. They stated the opposition to absolute monarchies as well as a new main focus on people’s innate rights and freedoms. Many leaders after this period of Enlightenment preached its ideas, while others simply used them to gain power. Simon Bolivar might have preached opinions that mainly reflected the ideas of the French Revolution. However, his actions contradicted these opinions, and revealed that his true intentions were selfish and illiberal. In several documents and speeches, Bolivar stated that he was very fond of freedom, liberty and equality. Clearly, it would seem that he desired democracy. This can be seen in his "Jamaican Letter", where he states "More than anyone I desire to see America fashioned into the greatest nation in the world, greatest not so much by virtue of her area and wealth as by her freedom and glory." However, he adds to this "love of freedom" in saying that it is "inconceivable" to set up such a government, simply because there is not enough political knowledge for a system such as that to run. Further, Bolivar says that he agrees with the ideas of Montesquieu, who played a very important role during the Enlightenment period, and states that he is against absolutism. In looking at the beliefs Bolivar spoke of, one could almost come to the conclusion that he directly lectured the ideas fought for in the French Revolution; opposition to absolute monarchies, natural rights and freedoms, ideas of Montesquieu, and ruling for the people’s best interest. Interestingly, however, Bolivar never actually put any of his "glorious ideas" into action. Instead of setting up a democracy, ideas of which he praised, he arranged a system in which his total control was made known. He declared himself president until he died, created a weak legislative body with almost no power, and limited the right to vote to the Creoles, who were American-born Spaniards. Not only did this contradict his great "Love of freedom" that he originally spoke of, but also his hate of monarchy, a system of government not too far off from the "paternal constitution" he himself created. Furthermore, this government system doesn’t reflect ideals fought for in the French Revolution, which he once agreed with. In a document written by Bolivar, he states that he fears Black

Incentive Parameters for Salesmen in Leading FMCG Companies

The Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry is one among the fast growing industries with consumers everywhere. Fast Moving consumer goods or consumer packaged goods are products that are sold quickly at relatively low cost. Though the absolute profit made on FMCG products is relatively small, they are generally sold in large quantities, and so the cumulative profit on such products can be substantial. Salesmen play a critical role in any FMCG industry; and for that matter in any industry, a salesman’s role is critical. The efficiency of the product is useless if the salesmen are inefficient. This calls for energetic salesmen whoare efficient. The average qualification of salesmen are limited to schooling. Most of the salesmen are school dropouts. Unlike the well qualified, with these salesmen the demand for ambiance, infrastructure and a conducive work environment are the least preferred. Monetary benefits are the driving force. The monetary benefits include salary, allowance and incentive. Out of these, only incentive is the most critical and variable factor. The incentive being linked to the salesmen’s performance and the attractive incentive provided by these FMCG giants, is the only reason why most men still stick on to a salesman’s job. The salesmen put in their heart and soul to achieve their targets and thereby get more incentive. At a point, the companies identified that the salesmen are being manipulated either by their company executives or the distributors. To overcome this, to get closer to the salesmen and to give him a sense of belongingness with the company, FMCG companies started making the incentive structure transparent. And to keep track of the salesmen’s performance, the incentives were linked to parameters that help both the salesmen to work efficiently and the company to progress. Various companies use different incentive parameters. These parameters have evolved into a more structured approach. Though the names of the parameters and their weight-age differs, they more or less have the same meaning. Working with a few leading FMCG companies, the following incentive parameters for salesmen are the most commonly practiced. Incentive Parameters 1. Perfect Store All the product lines are highlighted in the palmtop against the particular store have to be placed in the store for it to become a perfect store. 2. Perfect Day When all the stores visited in a day are made perfect, the day becomes a perfect day. The perfect store and perfect day parameters are based on the AC Nielsen survey data. Companies have a tie up with a consulting firm to provide them with data about the stores with regard to their company products 3. Lines Product lines are given as targets depending on the month’s focus product and launch product 4. Must Stock List Must stock list or the MSL compliance is where the salesmen are instructed to compulsorily stock a particular product line at particular stores or all the stores depending on the requirement. As discussed above, the focus products may or may not accompany the ECO parameter. More than one product can be given as a Focus 6. Effective Coverage Effective coverage ensures both the effective outlet coverage and the effective product line coverage. The effective coverage or ECO parameter may or may not contain a focus product/s depending on the month’s objective 7. Distributor Retail Coverage Plan (DRCP) The DRCP or simply the salesmen beat traveled everyday is a parameter that provides for expanding the number of retail outlets. Through this specific parameter the company ensures the addition of new outlets and the retention of the older outlets 8. Value Value targets are fixed based on the value of the month in the previous year plus 25% percent growth 9. Lines Product lines are given as targets depending on the month’s focus product and launch product Apart from these, the companies lay more empahsis on communicating these parameters to the salesmen. Gone were the days where salesmen carried notebooks and pen; as the saying goes, â€Å"you become obsolete f you are not updated†, the companies have sought to palmtops and smart phones / android phones for taking orders, scheme communications and other related functions. With many companies entering into the market everyday, FMCG industry is becoming a very competitive environment. And with the products having a very limited shelf life, the products have to be sold at the earliest. For sales, it is mandatory for the product to be placed in the o utlet. This job falls on the salesmen. And incentives are the key element driving the salesmen. Hence, the companies must constantly evolve new incentive schemes.

Effective Communication Essay

Effective communication is essential in any workplace, especially within a criminal justice organization. In this paper, the author will discuss the process of verbal and nonverbal communication and the associated components of each, the differences between listening and hearing in communication, the formal and informal channels of communication in criminal justice organizations and the strategies that may be implemented to overcome communication barriers therein. Types of Communication and the Process Involved  Communication is defined as â€Å"a process involving several steps, among two or more persons, for the primary purpose of exchanging information. † (Wallace & Roberson, 2009). This process can involve two types of communication: verbal and nonverbal. Verbal Verbal communication includes transmitting information orally. This type of communication can involve sharing information or exchanging ideas between two people or a group. Speaking is just one aspect of verbal communication. Verbal communication does not solely involve the sender transmitting the message to the receiver. Verbal communication also involves listening from the receiver and giving feedback to the sender as a confirmation that the message was understood. In a criminal justice organization, â€Å"oral communication skills are necessary to talk with members of the general public, request assistance from other officers, advise suspects of their Miranda rights, and inform supervisors that certain actions have occurred. † (Wallace & Roberson, 2009). Being an officer requires a lot of verbal communication to fulfill some of the essential duties of working in law enforcement. Nonverbal Nonverbal communication includes written communication via reports, memorandums, notes from meetings, notes taken from accounts between officers and witnesses, victims, suspects, etc. Nonverbal can also include facial expressions. Facial expressions and body language oftentimes are used to convey emotions when words are absent. The Process of Communication The process of communication involves transmitting an idea, sending the idea through a medium (verbal/nonverbal), receiving the message, understanding the idea, and providing feedback to the message sender. The first step of transmitting an idea â€Å"implies the formation of one or several thoughts and the desire to express these ideas†. (Wallace & Roberson, 2009). The next step involves choosing a method of communicating that idea. This can be done through verbal or nonverbal communication. Despite what method is used, it is imperative to know who the audience is and decide what tone the message is to be delivered. The tone, especially with oral communication, can make a world of a difference in how the receiver interprets the message. When the receiver then receives the message, his interpretation may not be how the message was originally intended to be received. The understanding of the idea or message relies strongly on interpretation of the person receiving the message. The process is then completed when the receiver provides feedback to the message sender by clarifying what he or she understood and then agreeing or disagreeing with the message itself. All these steps are part of the communication process, if one step fails then the communication becomes ineffective and invaluable. Listening vs. Hearing  According to the American Heritage College Dictionary, the word hearing is defined as â€Å"the sense by which sound is perceived; the capacity to hear† (2009). Hearing can include the capacity to hear the audio of the message being received and the words being enunciated, but it cannot ensure whether the message was indeed understood. Hearing is only one part of the communication process. The ability to comprehend by actually listening to what is being said, understanding the message by using the aids such as tone, facial expressions and body language completes this process. Active listening is important to effective communication. Channels of Communication Channels of communication in a criminal justice organization help demonstrate how the information flows from one person or group to another. The flow of communication or channels can include formal or informal methods. Formal Formal channels of communication include orders, directives and written memorandums that follow a chain of command. Communication in this scenario usually flows downward from the highest level of the totem pole, such as a police chief down to its subordinates. This type of channel of communication has both its advantages and disadvantages. The advantage of using a formal channel promote uniformity within the department. All officers, despite their rank, receive the same information. The disadvantage of using formal channels is that it sometimes stops the free flow of communication. If this channel type of communication is used it does not leave much room for officers to exchange freely any information within their department. That is to say that patrol officers usually are not encouraged to communicate amongst their peers but rather just receive instruction from their superiors. This hinders the department because officers are not encouraged to help one another, communicate with each other and possibly provide or exchange crucial information that might help them execute their responsibilities. Informal Informal channels of communication include â€Å"unofficial routes of communication within a law enforcement agency. These channels do not appear on any organizational chart, and they may not be officially sanctioned by the department. † (Wallace & Roberson, 2009). This type of communication usually allows a free flow of information within all those employed in criminal justice organization. The direction of communication usually does not go up or down the ladder of chain of command. It opens up and encourages communication between officers and the different departments that make up the law enforcement agency. It promotes the sharing of information amongst peers that may ultimately contribute to successfully completing their duty of serving and protecting the community together as a team. Barriers to Effective Communication There are many barriers to effective communication. These barriers include emotional, physical and semantic barriers. Ineffective listening can also be construed as an important barrier as well. Emotional barriers can include an officer having low self esteem. This officer in question perhaps feels the need to refrain from communicating anything because he lacks self-confidence and is afraid to be put down by his peers. Many agencies have confronted this type of barrier by providing peer support groups so that they can work together to break these feelings of insecurity and promote a sense of trust. Physical barriers can breakdown communication. Physical barriers can include the use of faulty equipment where messages cannot be transmitted from one to another because the radio transmitters are not working or the computers in the vehicles or in the office are down. Having readily available and working technological equipment can help with communication between officers. Other types of physical barriers is perhaps the distance between officers when they are communicating. Shortening the distance can help provide a feeling of camaraderie and trust. Semantics involve the selection of words you choose to aid you with your communication. Obviously if you choose the wrong word, the communication will not be as effective and the entire message can be misread. Ineffective listening can also play a role in hindering the communication process. If one is not engaged in the speaker because perhaps they do not find the speaker or his/her topic interesting enough, or perhaps you already have your biases or set opinions on what is being said and so your are listening with a closed mind, this can lend to ruining the communication between you and the sender. Strategies to Overcome Barriers In order to overcome the above mentioned barriers, you must first understand what kind of barrier is preventing the flow of communication. Once pinpointing the type of barrier you can proceed to try and remove those barriers so that you can become an effective communicator. Emotional barriers can be dealt with by working on self improvement such as going to counseling for depression or self esteem issues can help. Law enforcement agencies can provide help with finding the right person to talk to or by providing a peer support group you can join to help deal with these types of emotional barriers. Physical barriers can be handled by ensuring that all equipment used within the department is adequately functioning and therefore the lines of communication can remain open. If the physical barrier involves distance between officers, then that distance needs to be shortened so that the communication between these officers allows for better exchange between them. Barriers that involve semantics can be improved upon by going to school or studying grammar, and word selection. The internet is a great way to explore tools that can help with improving your communication skills with words. Identifying what barriers are preventing someone from exchanging information and finding appropriate solutions to overcome these challenges will ensure a better and more effective way of communicating. Conclusion As children we learned early on how to communicate first without words then learning to speak and finally learning to write. Communication is a vital part of life. Without proper communication, the exchange of ideas and messages cannot be conveyed between people in either a personal or professional setting. Communication within a criminal justice organization is just as important. Learning how the process of communication works and identifying the barriers that breakdown this communication are tools that are needed. Communication is crucial to helping overall with the execution of law enforcement.

The Market for Online Education The WritePass Journal

The Market for Online Education Introduction The Market for Online Education ). In addition to this, most universities are run by non-profit trusts or governments, where there is little pressure to innovate and fully utilize the physical and intellectual resources of the institution. With this backdrop, online courses are offering low-cost learning alternatives, which are customized for needs of customers, and are available without regard to space and time for different groups of customers worldwide. Over time, attitudes of students and employers towards online education are also improving. Finally, new private companies are coming up to offer customized solutions often backed by cloud computing platforms, though they still lack the brand recognition of traditional universities. This paper will examine the limitations of traditional educational methods and explore sources of demand and supply of online education with a view towards how innovative business models such as crowdsourcing and technology infrastructures such as cloud computing are creating change in online education (Weld et al., 2012). Evolution of Online Education Traditional education delivery in thousands of universities globally is designed around transfer of knowledge from teachers to students via face-to-face, lecture based interaction in physical classrooms. At the outset, this imposes the limit of physical capacity of the classroom on the number of individuals who can enrol in the class. In comparison, recent advances in information and communication technologies have enabled alternative online education delivery mechanisms, which can optimize educational delivery in a cost-efficient manner for a large number of users. Online education can be defined as a new social process which utilizes digital technology to partially or fully substitute traditional classroom learning methods, optimized for learners without the barriers of a traditional educational setup (Hiltz Turoff, 2006). Allen and Seaman (2013) define online education to include courses where at least 80% of the course content is delivered online. These courses are delivered ove r the Internet and include significant use of digital media, data storage and communication technologies such as computer-assisted instruction, group communications, use of immersive simulations, gaming and asynchronous learning networks, collaborative knowledge systems and use of wireless and handheld devices. Online education offers different sets of opportunities to different organisations and individuals. For existing educational institutions, it offers a way to increase enrolment or reach a different type of audience such as corporate training. For start-ups looking to shake up the education ‘industry’, it offers the opportunity to compete with traditional universities on different bases of competition, such as price, program duration or class timing. For others, it offers the opportunity for lifelong learning or the opportunity to learn from professors of top universities. Surveys show that the number of students taking online learning courses is on the rise. Allen and Seaman (2013) report that the total number of students in the U.S. taking at least 1 online course during 2012 has increased to 6.7 million, representing 32% of the total student population of 21 million students. In an endorsement of the online learning platform, 77% of academic leaders believe that online learning leads to better learning outcomes than face-to-face instruction. On the major obstacles that are holding back the growth of online education, the authors believe that most faculty members still do not have a positive view about online learning. 40% believe employers have reservations about online degrees. Product Offerings Online education is influencing different tiers of the market in different ways. Firstly, in traditional universities, more and more fully online classes are being developed, and technology is finding its way into more traditional classes as well. Many universities now offer online only classes for their students. In addition, universities such as Georgia Tech are creating tailor made degrees for corporations such as ATT. This setup benefits the university which gets an extra revenue stream and also ATT which gets high-end skills training for its employees on the job (Kitroeff, 2014).   In addition, some new, non-traditional universities have also been set up. These online universities, such as the University of Phoenix, replicate the existing university model but without a physical campus, utilizing online content delivery. A different model has also been developed by some traditional universities such as MIT and Stanford. In partnership with private start-up companies such as Coursera and EdX, these institutions are putting together free classes open to global masses known as massive open online courses (MOOC). These courses are available to all the students in the world who have Internet access and some of these classes boast registrations in hundreds of thousands. Currently, nearly 3% of institutions of higher education in the US are offering MOOCs while another 10% are in the planning process of offering MOOCs (Allen Seaman, 2013). Coursera is also expanding into China with its more than 1 million online learners (Larson, 2014). However, it is not clear how MOOC offerings will be financed (Anderson, 2012). The author points out that giving away content for free usually never turns out to be good business model. Suggestions for revenue generation include subscription and charging employers who want to hire successful students. Another issue is how to ascertain the identity and actual completion of work by a given individual. Udacity, another start-up has devised a solution by offering physical testing facilities in different countries where students can take certification exams in a supervised environment. While they are becoming increasingly popular, MOOCs offer limited customization. In comparison, some start-up education companies are exploring the idea of customized learning enabled by ‘crowdsourcing’. Crowdsourcing is a term which defines the development of an online community whose physically dispersed members may be called upon to provide results online to a given problem. One limitation of MOOCs is that grading assignments of hundreds of thousands of students requires using automated software, which can only grade multiple choice problems. This solution does not work very well in the humanities and social sciences. A crowdsourcing-based solution is to use peer evaluation for this purpose. These learning environments also deploy other technology enabled learning techniques such as using software to analyse common mistakes made by large groups with the highest frequency. Significant insights can be gained into human learning from observing such errors and analyzing their causes. Other automated software agents can crawl the web for useful resources pertaining to the course and collect it on a new website. Additional functionalities that can be offered by machine learning systems include services that link students with particular needs with tutors with skills suitable for teaching those subjects. Role of technology in the online education ecosystem Central to this paradigm shift in education is the Internet and technology revolution. A key enabling innovation in this regard is the development of a low-cost services model known as cloud computing. Cloud computing is an umbrella terms which describes how computers, servers, and applications and processes on those servers can be networked together in a distributed computing platform to create scalable infrastructure which enables users to connect from anywhere and using any device. Cloud computing may be considered an extension of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), which is a software design which makes it easy for computers on a network to cooperate. An institution or group of institutions that gets together to develop a cloud computing based platform needs to develop content and services that can reside inside the cloud since not all applications are cloud enabled (Mircea Andreescu, 2011). Cloud computing is a way of designing a network in blocks, not all of which need to be owned or operated by one university. Instead some components of infrastructure, or the platform or the software or even the computing power itself may be owned and managed by service providers who allow the university to pay for them on an ongoing, pay-per-use basis (Matthew, 2012). Cloud enabled service delivery enables access to educational content by anyone, anywhere on a pay-per-use basis, thus enabling deployment of scalable educational services. If a substantial number of users exist, the cost per user and thus the fee charged to the user can be lowered substantially compared to traditional educational institutions (Moore, 2011). This can have several other advantages for institutions as well. For example, institutions can combine resources with others to share a cloud, and then focus on content creation to focus on their strength and outsourcing the IT services to a large degree. The new business models will begin with market need identification, and then deploying a solution to meet that need, offering a high return on investment (ROI). A major university offering a global MOOC would need a very different platform than a commercial service offering English as Second Language in China and cloud computing would allow each to have the right cost and infrastructure for the size of the opportunity. A lot of effort is going into the development of each of the elements of online education. These include digital books, grading software, intelligent software agents, cloud computing infrastructure and tablets. Amazon is also selling more digital books than paper books and it is now even possible for students taking online classes to rent their textbooks for limited time (Schuetze, 2011). Through its success, online education seems to be substituting traditional education (Mehaffy, 2012). This phenomenon has been labelled by Christensen Eyring (2011) as the process of ‘disruption’. ‘Disruptive technologies’ are championed by new companies which do not compete with the incumbents along the existing bases of competition, but offer new and often low-cost product to a previously underserved group of consumers. Once successful in their niches, they increase volume, improve product quality and unseat incumbents in the high end of the market. Alternatively, disruption forces incumbents to change their business models. One of the reasons the education market seems ripe for disruption is the high cost of university education which makes the high-end of the market out of reach for many students. Some of the new business models in online education offer lower cost alternatives for those average students. In response, several mainstream universities are already considering lowering the residency requirement of their degrees to lower the total cost of earning them, while considering how to improve their online courses. While it may be too early to predict how successful they will be, for now the online education market seems set to grow globally. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that online education is a powerful business model because it can service large underserved segments of the education market at low average cost (Gaytan, 2007). It is a solution for those who could previously not afford the high cost of education or may only need to develop certain job related skills or they may be lifelong learners. Deployment of digital content and software over a cloud enabled distributed computing network is the first step towards infrastructure development required for online learning platforms. More high-quality content is required together with ingenious business models to take online education to the next level of success. Recommendations While they do not face any immediate threats, existing educational institutions will need to adapt their business models in order to not become obsolete. At a minimum, they should consider ways of reducing their cost without diluting the experience. Traditional universities have a strong competitive advantage – they offer a period of residence in an academic community. This is difficult to replicate for online institutions. Online universities should consider partnerships for revenue and content sharing with traditional institutions in order to build their brands quicker. Without brand acceptance, they will never be able to compete with traditional universities. Start-ups should focus on helping develop those innovations that increase the return on investment in new business models for educational service providers to encourage innovation and investment in technology supporting online education. Bibliography Allen, I. E., Seaman, J. 2013.  Changing Course: Ten Years of Tracking Online Education in the United States. Sloan Consortium. PO Box 1238, Newburyport, MA 01950. Anderson, N. 2012. Elite education for the masses.  The Washington Post,  4. Christensen, C. M., Eyring, H. J. 2011.  The innovative university: Changing the DNA of higher education from the inside out. John Wiley Sons. Conn, S. S., Reichgelt, H. 2012. Cloud Computing in Support of Applied Learning: A Baseline Study of Infrastructure Design at Southern Polytechnic State University. In  Proceedings of the Information Systems Educators Conference ISSN  (Vol. 2167, p. 1435). Gaytan, J. 2007. Visions shaping the future of online education: Understanding its historical evolution, implications, and assumptions.  Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration,  10(2). Hiltz, S. R., Turoff, M. 2005. Education goes digital: The evolution of online learning and the revolution in higher education.  Communications of the ACM,48(10), 59-64. Larson, C. 2014. Coursera’s plan for online education: Expansion in China. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved on 28 October, 2014 from businessweek.com/articles/2014-10-27/coursera-ceo-richard-levin-plans-to-expand-the-company-in-china. Kitroeff, N. 2014. Why ATT is investing in virtual school. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved on 28 October, 2014 from businessweek.com/articles/2014-10-24/at-and-t-and-former-google-vp-back-georgia-tech-online-degree-program. Mathew, S. 2012. Implementation of Cloud Computing in Education A Revolution. International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, 4(3), 473 – 475. Mehaffy, G. L. 2012. Challenge and change.  Educause Review,  47(5), 25-42. Mircea, M., Andreescu, A. I. 2011. Using cloud computing in higher education: A strategy to improve agility in the current financial crisis. Communications of the IBIMA,  2011, 1-15. Moore, J. C. 2012. A Synthesis of Sloan-C Effective Practices, December 2011.  Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks,  16(1), 91-115. Schuetze, C. F. 2011. Textbooks finally take a big leap to digital.  The New York Times. Vella, M. (2012). Is higher education doomed? Fortune. Retrieved on October 28, 2014 from http://fortune.com/2012/07/18/is-higher-education-doomed/. Yuan, L., Powell, S., CETIS, J. 2013. MOOCs and open education: Implications for higher education.  Cetis White Paper. Weld, D. S., Adar, E., Chilton, L., Hoffmann, R., Horvitz, E., Koch, M., Mausam, M. 2012. Personalized online education- a crowdsourcing challenge. In  Workshops at the Twenty-Sixth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence.

Formulas of Common Acids and Bases

Formulas of Common Acids and Bases Acids and bases are used in many chemical reactions. They are responsible for most color change reaction and are used to adjust the pH of chemical solutions. Here are the names of some of the common acids and bases and the formulas associated with them. Formulas of  Binary Acids A binary compound consists of two elements. Binary acids have the prefix hydro in front of the full name of the nonmetallic element. They have the ending s include hydrochloric, and hydrofluoric acid includes: Hydrofluoric Acid - HFHydrochloric Acid - HClHydrobromic Acid - HBrHydroiodic Acid - HIHydrosulfuric Acid - H2S Formulas of Ternary Acids Ternary acids commonly contain hydrogen, a nonmetal, and oxygen. The name of the most common form of the acid consists of the nonmetal root name with the -ic ending.  The acid containing one less oxygen atom than the most common form is designated by the -ous ending. An acid containing one less oxygen atom than the -ous acid has the prefix hypo- and the -ous ending. The acid containing one more oxygen than the most common acid has the per- prefix and the -ic ending. Nitric Acid  - HNO3Nitrous Acid - HNO2Hypochlorous Acid - HClOChlorous Acid - HClO2Chloric Acid - HClO3Perchloric Acid - HClO4Sulfuric Acid - H2SO4Sulfurous Acid  - H2SO3Phosphoric Acid - H3PO4Phosphorous Acid - H3PO3Carbonic Acid - H2CO3Acetic Acid - HC2H3O2Oxalic Acid - H2C2O4Boric Acid - H3BO3Silicic Acid - H2SiO3 Formulas of Common Bases Sodium Hydroxide  - NaOHPotassium Hydroxide - KOHAmmonium Hydroxide - NH4OHCalcium Hydroxide - Ca(OH)2Magnesium Hydroxide - Mg(OH)2Barium Hydroxide - Ba(OH)2Aluminum Hydroxide - Al(OH)3Ferrous Hydroxide or Iron (II) Hydroxide - Fe(OH)2Ferric Hydroxide or Iron (III) Hydroxide - Fe(OH)3Zinc Hydroxide - Zn(OH)2Lithium Hydroxide - LiOH

A Brief History of Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

A Brief History of Globalization - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of globalization as a process (or set of processes) which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions, expressed in transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction, and power. Globalisation is perhaps the most overused and least understood word, and one can easily see that the meaning and scope of the word has transformed and evolved dramatically over the past few years. The controversy associated with it proves how complicated scholars on both sides have made it. Under this backdrop, here is someone with a rational approach who seeks to clarify the concepts. Alex MacGillivray’s views are wry and balanced, replete with historic anecdotes and high-quality analysis of each aspect and implication of globalization. He litters his writing with speckles of benign humor when referring to the steady growth in the number of countries over the last few decades accord ing to membership of the UN, recognition by FIFA or entries in the CIA’s World Fact Book. His observations are woven logically into the fabric of first-rate primary data analysis. For instance, a new data set showing that much of the reputed growth of an international trade over the past two decades arise from regional (intra trading block), rather than a truly international movement of goods and services. This idea contrasts what organizations like WTO and World Bank acclaim as the benefits of globalization.

Wealth Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wealth Management - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that in the context of wealth management, one is able to positively impact the world from a professional working environment.   It is by participating in investment deals that will manage wealth by finding deals and assessing them. It is by way of formulating a strategy that will enable identification of the correct business venture. The first step is to understand ones intended positive contribution and choosing an approach that corresponds to the desired contribution. The understanding will be by way of distinguishing the various impacts and the investment approach that will lead to a positive contribution. From the author’s own professional point of view, he should be in a position to clearly define these possible positive contributions. It is by investing in ways that will attain a positive environmental and social contribution and impact. The investment should avoid any negative any environmental and social impact by using pra ctices that are responsible. The second initiative is to determine ways of relationship building  with the people who might be affected by the investment. It is important because one is able to know their point of view and opinion on the matter. This consultation will enable proper planning on ways of undertaking the investment so that it positively impacts on them. Thirdly is to recognize the risk the investment can cause. It enables identifying an appropriate investment strategy. Knowing the preference and the issues to be targeted is important in assessing the risk the investment has to the people around.

In What Ways Globalisation Involves a Complex Cultural Process Essay

In What Ways Globalisation Involves a Complex Cultural Process - Essay Example As the paper declares global culture involves promoting life-style, consumption, products, and identities. Transnational corporations deploy advertising to penetrate local markets, to sell global products, and to overcome local resistance.† An example of the global culture is the way MTV is being marketed in the more conservative, less boisterous Asian markets. There are still millions of people in the country-side who do not know what MTV is, and would never accept such a concept. However, MTV has succeeded in penetrating the urban market and has vastly increased the generation-gap between the middle-aged population – who resist MTV and do not want the youth to adopt MTV culture – and the youth – who now have no connection with their traditional cultural values and have accepted the MTV culture. This paper stresses that not always does globalisation adversely affect the society. Many a time, when a society is globalised, it retains its local character while assimilating the external influence. This leads to a very positive change called ‘cultural diversity. â€Å"More and more Individuals stress their multicultural biographies, from writers like Salman Rushdie to Tiger Woods, shooting star of the international golf sport, who calls himself "Cablinasian" to point out his ancestry in black, Indian and Asian cultures.† This cultural diversity may, in turn, evolve new enduring local cultures and thus contribute to the development and evolution of an already existing local culture.

Italian Cuisine and Pizza Essay Example for Free

Italian Cuisine and Pizza Essay Pizza is an oven-baked, flat, round bread typically topped with a tomato sauce, cheese and various toppings. Pizza was originally invented in Naples, Italy, and the dish has since become popular in many parts of the world.. Many varieties of pizza exist worldwide, along with several dish variants based upon pizza. Pizza`s in Pakistan The first pizzerias opened up in Karachi and Islamabad in the late 1980s, with Pappasallis serving pizza in Islamabad since 1990. Pizza has gained a measure of popularity in the eastern regions of Pakistan namely, the provinces of Sindh, Punjab, and Azad Kashmir, as well as the autonomous territory of Gilgit-Baltistan. Pizza has not penetrated into western Pakistan; of the remaining provinces and territories of Pakistan, only one (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) has seen much of the dish, in the form of a single Pizza Hut in Peshawar. In the regions where pizza is known, spicy chicken and sausage-based pizzas are very popular, as they cater to the local palate. Health matters Advantages European nutrition research on the eating habits of people with cancer of the mouth, oesophagus, throat or colon showed those who ate pizza at least once a week had less chance of developing cancer. , An antioxidant chemical in tomatoes, which is thought to offer some protection against cancer. Carlo La Vecchia, a Milan-based epidemiologist said, Pizza could simply be indicative of a lifestyle and food habits, in other words the Italian version of a Mediterranean diet. A traditional Mediterranean diet is rich in olive oil, fiber, vegetables, fruit, flour, and freshly cooked food. Disadvantages In contrast to the traditional Italian pizza used in the research, popular pizza varieties in many parts of the world are often loaded with high fat cheeses and fatty meats, a high intake of which can contribute to obesity, itself a risk factor for cancer. Pizza can be high in salt, fat and calories. There are concerns about negative health effects. Food chains, such as Pizza Hut, have come under criticism for the high salt content of some of their meals, which were found to contain more than twice the daily recommended amount of salt for an adult. Some mass produced pizzas by food chains have been criticized as having an unhealthy balance of ingredients. Some studies have linked consumption of the antioxidant lycopene, which exists in tomato products that are often used on pizza, as having a beneficial health effect.

Proportions Of Numbers And Magnitudes :: essays research papers

Proportions of Numbers and Magnitudes In the Elements, Euclid devotes a book to magnitudes (Five), and he devotes a book to numbers (Seven). Both magnitudes and numbers represent quantity, however; magnitude is continuous while number is discrete. That is, numbers are composed of units which can be used to divide the whole, while magnitudes can not be distinguished as parts from a whole, therefore; numbers can be more accurately compared because there is a standard unit representing one of something. Numbers allow for measurement and degrees of ordinal position through which one can better compare quantity. In short, magnitudes tell you how much there is, and numbers tell you how many there are. This is cause for differences in comparison among them. Euclid's definition five in Book Five of the Elements states that " Magnitudes are said to be in the same ratio, the first to the second and the third to the fourth, when, if any equimultiples whatever be taken of the first and third, and any equimultiples whatever of the second and fourth, the former equimultiples alike exceed, are alike equal to, or alike fall short of, the latter equimultiples respectively taken in corresponding order." From this it follows that magnitudes in the same ratio are proportional. Thus, we can use the following algebraic proportion to represent definition 5.5: (m)a : (n)b :: (m)c : (n)d. However, it is necessary to be more specific because of the way in which the definition was worded with the phrase "the former equimultiples alike exceed, are alike equal to, or alike fall short of†¦.". Thus, if we take any four magnitudes a, b, c, d, it is defined that if equimultiple m is taken of a and c, and equimultiple n is taken of c and d, then a and b are in same ratio with c and d, that is, a : b :: c : d, only if: (m)a > (n)b and (m)c > (n)d, or (m)a = (n)b and (m)c = (n)d, or (m)a < (n)b and (m)c < (n)d. Though, because magnitudes are continuous quantities, and an exact measurement of magnitudes is impossible, it is not possible to say by how much one exceeds the other, nor is it possible to determine if a > b by the same amount that c > d. Now, it is important to realize that taking equimultiples is not a test to see if magnitudes are in the same ratio, but rather it is a condition that defines it. And because of the phrase "any equimultiples whatever," it would be correct to say that if a and b are in same ratio with c and d, then any one of the three

Asian-Americans and their Progress towards Essay

During the many years of the continuous immigration of various nationalities in the United States, it could be noted that many immigrants have already absorbed the culture that Americans have. One of the many ethnicities which had migrated in the United States is the Asians. In the current society of the United States it is known that these groups of people are one of the many ethnic minorities that is housed by the United States. In fact, many of the families of the past migrants have now stayed in the United States had had lived their lives similar to full blooded Americans. However, although most of these immigrants have already acquired all the culture, the language and life style of the Americans it is still not enough for the society that they would be called Americans. On the other hand, the Asian-Americans like other ethnic minorities in the United States are somewhat confused to on the proper identity that they must maintain. One of the main examples of the uncertainty is the Asian-American popular culture which presents evidences regarding such group in the society. In the current popular culture, it is noticeable the many of Asian-Americans had been inclined with certain identity which could be very noticeable in the choices of their consuming behavior. In addition, personal choices such of the music, clothing style and etc. In the written work of Min Zhou and Jennifer Lee (2004), they have clearly stated that the Asian-American youth is directly seen by the American culture as not fitting to the popular images which are most associated with the current popular culture. Such popular cultures that are being discussed were being rap artists, skin heads, punks and the likes. For the longest time, Asian-Americans are seen as stereotypically geek who only focuses directly on their studies instead of being socially active. (Zhou & Lee, p. 1, 2004). Many of the Asian-Americans are obviously shying away from these concepts of being geeks and nerds. Instead, they follow the popular culture and act similarly to the demands of the American society. First and foremost, we could see that many of the Asian-American youth are more inclined to look like a gangster rather than a typical Asian-American. In many television shows and advertisements, there are numerous Asians who steps away from the light that they are individuals who are very serious in being successful that they study very well. Due to the very advanced technological innovations that we have such that of YouTube people could truly see that Asian-Americans are truly absorbing and creating new a type of culture when it comes to music. One of the best examples is David Choi who is known to be a Korean-American. Choi is singer, songwriter and guitarist on his own channel in YouTube. As noticed, Choi is very far from the typical stereotype of Asian who shies away from the crowd. After attaining success and massive support from different individuals he was able to have his own album. Instead of being the stereotypical Asian-American, he proclaims and continuously re-invents his music to suit his fans and the current trend in the society. In the film industry there had been few individuals who are known to be popular in the United States due to the certain film which they have done. One of the most famous Asian-American is Lucy Lui who played one of the Charlie’s Angels. In the movies, it is not often that an Asian-American plays a â€Å"kick-ass† role and presents her self as a strong assertive woman. In the stereotypical eyes of most Americans, Asian-Americans are simple and mostly quiet and demure because this is how they are culturally trained. However, due to such character played by Lui, the concept of how and what a woman should be (through an Asian context) is changed. With such, the Americanization of the Asian woman is clearly seen through the portrayal made by Lui. (â€Å"Is Lucy Liu a Heroine or a Curse? †) In terms of music, an article was written regarding the sudden boom of the Asian-American artists in the music industry. In the article, the author stated that various American-Asian artists are suddenly emerging into the music scene within in various localities in the United States. Most of the tunes that these musicians and artists play are mostly western music when do hip-hop and R&B, as well as a DJ in various clubs. Such artists were Yellow Peril, Seoul Brothers, Mountain Brothers, and a lot more. These artists are said to have gained significant success and a symbolic presence of the developments of the Asian-Americans (Wang, 1998). Therefore, Asian-Americans were already able to join the band wagon of having the same musical preference as the Americans. In addition, they are not only listening to type of music Americans hear but also imitating or innovating towards a new genre of music. In the most current popular culture many Asians are excelling in the freestyle dancing, break dancing and etc. (Tseng, 1998) From the lessons that we have taken, it is known that through consumption and consumerism that the factors of living is defined. From my own personal point of view, I do believe that consumption is a cultural issue that must be deeply studied due to the various concepts attached such as social class, cultural norms and etc. Cultural consumption is also affected by advertising as well as the culture of being brand conscious rather than quality conscious. I have stated this due to my personal experiences as a consumer. As I have observed in the super markets most of the time people spend so much time in thinking on what type of brand they would buy. Just last week I needed to do my grocery when I saw a Filipino woman and her son in the cereals and oats lane. She meticulously surfs for the proper brand of cereals while her son stated that â€Å"Mom, why are we staying too long in this section? We don’t really eat cereals for breakfast. I want rice. † Then the mother replied, â€Å"No darling, rice is too heavy for you, studies say that it could cause diabetes. And your playmates eat cereals every morning so you should also eat cereal. † Being in a class that studies such concept of culture, I was amazed on how real the concept of Americanization is. I do know that most Filipinos prefer rice for breakfast because it is a custom meal for them everyday. But through my first hand experience, I did see that people who are not Americans are in need to attain cultural citizenship in order for them to be accepted. Although I do believe that Asians are accepted in the American society, the acceptance is not as whole in comparison to being a white American. In a sense, the mother who was with her child in the grocery would want her son to be culturally American that she is shifting the norms which her son know in order for him to be suitable in the American society. Just like the story presented in â€Å"Consumption Fantasies of Upward Mobility,† Richard wanted to move away from the typical concepts of Asians. Therefore, Richard wanted to be a professional who is likely to be the choice of a typical American who works inside the office. In addition, there is a concept of attaining the â€Å"American Dream in which most important thing for Asian-Americans. Moreover, due to the desire to attain such, they also want to be treated like Americans. As a result, they act and absorb the American culture and norms which they believe will grant them cultural citizenship (Hee Park, p. 112, 2005). In conclusion, the current Asian-American culture is still in the process of attaining acceptance in the American society. In addition, they want to change the stereotypical concept that most of them are geeks and losers thus, the Asian-American community is shifting towards a much western culture. The community is not only doing such in order to be within the trend of the popular culture but also to be accepted and not discriminated by others. In terms of consumption, it is real that it is one of the factors which could justify the Americanization of an individual not only Asian-Americans. Through decision making and choosing what type of product must be used is obviously dictated by the society around them. In addition, professional choice is also an aspect the shows that Asians are Americanized or desires cultural citizenship. Like one of the most famous saying stated: â€Å"If you can’t beat them, join them. † Reference Is Lucy Liu a Heroine or a Curse?. GoldSea . Retrieved 9 December 2008 from http://www. goldsea. com/Air/Issues/Liu/liu. html. Lee, J. and Zhou, M. (2004). Asian American Youth.United States of America: Routledge Publishing. Sun-Hee Park, L. (2005). Consuming Citizenship. United States of America: Stanford University Press. Tseng, J. (1998). Asian American Rap: Expression Through Alternate Forms. Model Minority. Retrieved 9 December 2008 from http://www. modelminority. com/article128. html. Wang, O. (1998). Asian Americans and hip-hop. Asian Week. Retrieved 9 December 2008 from http://asianweek. com/111298/coverstory. html. David Choi : http://www. youtube. com/user/davidchoimusic? ob=4