Effect of the Budget Announcement on the Economy Essay

Effect of the Budget Announcement on the Economy - Essay Example This has occurred as a result of the announcement made on budget day; alcohol was increased by six percent over inflation. Spirits, wine and beer were all affected by this price elevation. (British Retail Consortium, 2008) The speech has also affected the rate of availability of fuel. The chancellor announced a fuel allowance for mature citizens. However, such an allowance had to be compensated by other users of the resource. This announcement actually contributed to the rising fuel costs. Besides that, the chancellor also announced that polluting vehicles would have to pay up higher road taxes than their 'green' counterparts. This would have been a way to offset the allowance given to senior citizens. However, the chancellor asserted that the measures would be implemented in the month of October. This is already starting to cause tax contributors and may continue to do so in the year 2009. Perhaps the major reason for this delay was to appease economists and consumers who were likely to demonstrate over rising fuel costs on the streets. However, environmentalists are not very happy about the chancellor's moves. They feel as though they have been short-changed by his delays. The money market did into improve in any way. Before March, the UK was the country with the highest inflation rate in G7. As if that is not enough, the country also has an extremely high budget deficit. Many analysts assert that the chancellor expressed optimism for the future of the country yet the rate of borrowing within the UK did not give him reasons to be optimistic. This is still the case presently. The latter results could have been heightened by the fact that the budget was extremely tight. Almost all the finances were allocated somewhere. The overall result was that there were no savings or available finances to dispose off. (Meader, 2008) The overall predictions about the economy within the budget speech also came true. The UK is operating within a volatile global market where the economy outside UK is negative. The same has affected the UK too. This is also likely to continue into the next year. However, even that pessimism was still not up to per with the current reality. Chancellor Darling announced that the UK economy would increase by between one point eight and two point two percent. This level has still not been achieved today as borrowing levels have exceeded predictions made earlier. Overly, the budgetary effect seemed to have been offset. This is because the Chancellor was announcing the budget against the following issues; A global credit crisis Public finances that were tight A slow domestic economy The Chancellor was faced with the option of cutting down taxes thus promoting growth or he could have increased taxes and promoted public financing. Each measure would have totally different effects; the former would have caused a lot of discrepancy from financial market stakeholders as it would be detrimental to that sector. Additionally, the latter measure would have derailed the economic process. What the Chancellor decided to do was to reduce taxes in certain areas and increase them in other areas

Produce an annotated bibliography based on the identification and Essay

Produce an annotated bibliography based on the identification and critical review of web sites on Dutch housing, - Essay Example try of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment delivers messages to viewers with information related to how people in the Netherlands could maintain the welfare of the society in terms of the need for nature, space and raw materials or the use of land for local government project and private housing including areas or building projects that will be designed for business purposes. Considering that the main goal of VROM is to make policy that will promote peace and harmony with its current social, technological and political developments (VROM International, 2008a), the website offers information related to most recent issues on Dutch Spatial Planning such as: (1) the 21st century Dutch housing policies; and (2) the 5th National Policy Document on spatial planning 2000/2020; as well as the English version of the Housing policy document entitled â€Å"What People Want, Where People Live† which was published back on April 2001. (VROM International, 2008b) Aside from providing information related to spatial planning, housing, topical, integration of people belonging to different social groups, and communities, VROM International website also offers useful information on environmental protection related to: climate change; acidification; eutrophication; toxic and hazardous substances; contaminated land; waste disposal; disturbance; and groundwater depletion. (VROM International, 2008c) Available in Dutch and English language, the website of Waterland provides the viewers with information related to water management. Aside from providing sufficient data related to the importance of water engineering such as: dredging, flood control, coastal zone engineering, engineering in river basins, and offshore civil engineering; the website discuss issues on new policy concerning the Dutch water management particularly on integrated river basin, urban water management, coastal zone management, and groundwater. (Waterland, 2008a) Other water related information that has

Luxury Goods in Hong Kong, China Essay Example for Free

Luxury Goods in Hong Kong, China Essay Luxury goods experienced a slowdown in current value growth for 2012 against 2011, largely attributed by the unstable economic conditions brought about by the 2011 Euro crisis as well as the slowing down of the Chinese economy. While consumers’ sentiments were still relatively strong, spending continued to tilt towards a more cautious end. Depreciation of Euros also saw more consumers heading to Hong Kong for holidays and in turn purchasing luxury goods from there to take advantage of the. Euromonitor International’s Luxury Goods in Hong Kong, China report offers a comprehensive guide to the size and shape of the Luxury Goods market at a national level. It provides the latest retail sales data, allowing you to identify the sectors driving growth. It identifies the leading companies, the leading brands and offers strategic analysis of key factors influencing the market and their effects on Luxury Goods retailing along with the development of consumers’ shopping patterns. Forecasts to 2017 illustrate how the market is set to change. Buy a Report Copy @ http://www.rnrmarketresearch.com/contacts/purchase?rname=88087. Product coverage: Designer Apparel (Ready-to-Wear), Fine Wines/Champagne and Spirits, Luxury Accessories, Luxury Cigars, Luxury Electronic Gadgets, Luxury Jewellery and Timepieces, Luxury Travel Goods, Luxury Writing Instruments and Stationery, Super Premium Beauty and Personal Care.Data coverage: market sizes (historic and forecasts), company shares, brand shares and distribution data. Why buy this report? Get a detailed picture of the Luxury Goods market; Pinpoint growth sectors and identify factors driving change; Understand the competitive environment, the market’s major players and leading brands;

Types of Agriculture and Farming

Types of Agriculture and Farming AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES Food is the major indispensable, fundamental and vital need of the people. â€Å"It has been calculated that a human under stress, performing hard labor, needs 2000grams of water, 470 grams of dry weight various carbohydrates and fats, 60 to 70grams of dry weight proteins and the appropriate amount of vitamins and minerals. Otherwise said, the colony will need a minimum of 30000 kg water, 7050 kg carbohydrates and fats and 900 kg proteins daily†. The food produced in Arcturus is analogous and like the earth, but here the formula and the procedure followed is different from the agriculture practiced in the earth. Because of the limited space, the higher crop yield, and the disadvantages of soil-based growing, as soil cannot be brought from earth, if it is done so the consequences and expenses that are invested would be more. And even by using soil will escort or lead to immense risks such as the biological contamination for the soil are needed insects and other organisms, which except the risk to transfer few sicknesses can also mutate and multiply themselves unnoticed and damage the station and the colonists. Therefore unique and special type of growing crops should be used which will provide more yield and the best quality alternative should be used. Some of them are: Geoponics Aeroponics Hydroponics Passive sub-irrigation static solution culture Aquaponics Fogponics Vertical farming Organoponics Geoponics: It is a type of cultivation in which the crops are nurtured and are fully fledged by using stimulated and non-natural soil which restrains nafion which has gelatos within it. These are made up of nafion with supplementary polymers and additional materials which are contaminated and toxic. Crops that can be developed by means of this method are: wheat, pulses, maize, fruit trees, and nuts etc. Aeroponics: Crops with rigid and stiff roots are grown and nurtured by this method under these crops will be matured on a lattice like arrangement and drape perpendicularly. Water will be converted into mist, haze and water vapors which the roots of the plants will be lynching in. The plants that can be grown using Aeroponics are Wheat, corn potatoes and salad components like lettuce and herbs. Hydroponics: Hydroponics  is a division of hydro culture and is a technique of mounting plants by means of mineral nutrient solutions, in water, without soil. This is an inimitable and an amazing system of growing crops with out the utilization of the loam and soil with the application and relevance of distinctive process and with the assist of inimitable, exclusive and distinctive intermediate. In this technique the crops are fully grown in intensely concentrated solution and static, inert medium like periled gravel etc. Passive sub-irrigation: Passive sub-irrigation is a type of hydroponics which is also acknowledged and recognized by the name passive hydroponics or semi hydroponics. In this course of action plants are nurtured with the facilitate of the inert porous medium. This inert medium transfers water and fertilizers to the roots by capillary procedures and events. This accomplishment can be completed by means of a separate and detached reservoir. This will trim and spruce down the labor and fabricate stable, constant and steady delivering of water to the roots. Static solution culture: In static solution culture plants are developed in urns and containers of nutrient solution. These are not grown in normal containers; it can be grown only in glassMason jarsand other urns. The solution is generally quietly ventilated. Sometimes it can be bunged too. If bunged, the solution echelon and stratum is reserved stumpy enough that sufficient parts of roots are exceeding the solution so they get passable and ample oxygen. Aquaponics: Aquaponics is afood generationorganization that coalesces with conformistaquaculturewithin amutual and symbiotic environment. In standard aquaculture,excretion and the propulsionfrom the flora and fauna hoisted can accrue and accumulate in the water, increasing toxicity. In an Aquaponics arrangement, water from an aquaculture system is noshed to ahydroponicsystem where thederivativesare conked out down bynitrogen-fixing microorganismsintonitratesandnitrites, which are consumed and utilized by the plants as nutrients. The water is then re disseminated and circulated reverse to the aquaculture system. Fogponics: Fogponics is an advanced and highly developed outline ofAeroponics. In this processwater invaporizedform relocateand transfer nutrientsandoxygento enclosed perchedplant roots. With the help of the similar common initiative following Aeroponics excluding fogponics consume a 5-30 µm vapor and mist surrounded by the rooting compartment and as use for a foliar nourishing mechanism. Plants preeminently absorb particles from the 1-25 µm assortments; the minute particulate dimension means faster absorption.The additional advantage of utilizing fogponics over traditional hydroponics classification is that the plants necessitate smaller quantity of energy in root growth and mass, and are able to still maintain a large plant. Vertical farming: Vertical farming is taming plant life within askyscraperorangery and conservatoryor on perpendicularly inclined facades. The recent and the latest thoughts and ideas of vertical farming exercise procedures analogous to glass domicile, where natural sunlight can be amplified with simulated lighting. Organoponics: Organoponicsare an organization of urban macrobiotic gardens. They habitually contain low-level tangible ramparts crammed with organic substances and soil, with lines of trickle irrigation arranged on the exterior part of the emergent media. IRRIGATION: Irrigation  is the simulated application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the mounting ofagricultural crops, safeguarding oflandscapes, and foliage, vegetationof disturbed soils in dehydrated areas and at some stage in periods of derisory and inadequate rainfall. The majority of the agriculture on earth is rain nourished. That accomplishment is reliant on the well-timed monsoon and adequate rainfall extend throughout most of the budding season as the rainfall is convoluted and complicated to be created within the space settlement, it would be a challenging task to provide rain to the plants at exact stages or else the plant will not be able to develop properly. Therefore the plants must be irrigated properly. As the plants are not grown in the similar way as grown on the earth, the water will be transported directly to the plants through the pipes. AGRICULTURE DEPENDENT INDUSTRIES Agriculture will also endow its manufacture as unprocessed raw supplies to many different industries. These industries include like those of rubber industry, cotton industry and food dispensation industry. These eatable manufacturing centers will make diverse food foodstuffs for both the citizens and the animals. As crops produces oxygen the oxygen package and transportation center will be established. And even the organic compounds such as the cow dung can be used for making goober gas therefore; a waste management plant will be established. STORAGE OF GRAINS: Storage of grains is another imperative, important and vital measure to protect the grains from bacteria. The grains will be stored according to their seeds or crop type. Grains will be accumulated in aerated, ventilated, desiccated areas, so that there is a smaller amount probability of syndrome. For fruits and vegetables freezing storage room vicinity will be at their position. Also there will be confined and supplementary undersized marketplace where these will be vended and they will have the permanent price for selling. The grains will be amassed in silos encompassing unlike partition at unusual levels, increasing productivity. The mound will have the majority required grain at below end while slightest essential but vital at top. There will be no contact of each harvest acquiesce. Earthworms are the manurists that renovate the putrefying and decomposing plant substance into nutrient affluent manure although less rich than fertilizers but more efficient. Birds and butterflies are the major Pollinators also there will be artificial pollination APS. In this pollen grains will be passed on to a plant via robots. FRUIT/VEGETABLE GROWN SERVING SIZE (IN G) NUTRIENTS (% OF DAILY RECOMMENDED VALUE) Spinach 180 vitamin K (1110.6), vitamin A (294.8), manganese (84), folate (65.6), magnesium (39.1), iron (35.7), vitamin C (29.4), vitamin B2 (24.7), calcium (24.5), potassium (24), vitamin B6 (22), tryptophan (21.9), fiber (17.3), copper (15.5), vitamin B1 (11.1), protein (10.7), phosphorous (10.1), zinc (9.1), vitamin E (8.6), omega 3 fatty acids (6), vitamin B3 (4.4), selenium (3.9) Sesame Seeds 36 copper (74), manganese (44), tryptophan (37.5), calcium (35.1), magnesium (31.6), iron (29.1), phosphorous (22.6), zinc (18.7), vitamin B1 (18.7), fiber (17) Lettuce 112 vitamin K (143.5), vitamin A (58.2), vitamin C (44.8), folate (38), manganese (35.5), chromium (13.1), potassium (9.3), molybdenum (9), fiber (7.6), vitamin B1 (7.3), iron (6.8), vitamin B2 (6.5), phosphorous (5), calcium (4), protein (3.6), omega 3 fatty acids (3.2), tryptophan (3.1), vitamin B3 (2.8), vitamin B6 (2.5) Onions 160 chromium (20.7), vitamin C (17.1), fiber (11.5), manganese (11), molybdenum (10.7), vitamin B6 (9.5), tryptophan (9.4), folate (7.6), potassium (7.2), phosphorous (5.3), copper (5) Tomatoes 180 vitamin C (57.3), vitamin A (22.4), vitamin K (17.8), molybdenum (12), potassium (11.4), manganese (9.5), fiber (7.9), chromium (7.5), vitamin B1 (7.3), vitamin B6 (7), folate (6.8), copper (6.5), vitamin B3 (5.6), vitamin B2 (5.3), magnesium (5), iron (4.5), vitamin B5 (4.4), phosphorous (4.3), vitamin E (3.4), tryptophan (3.1), protein (3.1) Crimini mushrooms 141.75 selenium (52.6), vitamin B2 (40.6), copper (35.5), vitamin B3 (26.9), tryptophan (25), vitamin B5 (21.3), potassium (18.1), phosphorous (17), zinc (10.4), manganese (10), vitamin B1 (8.7), vitamin B6 (8), protein (7.1), folate (5), fiber (3.4), magnesium (3.2), iron (3.2), calcium (2.6) Seaweed 20 iodine (276.7), vitamin K (16.5), folate (9), magnesium (6), calcium (3.4), iron (3.2), tryptophan (3.1) Strawberries 144 vitamin C (136.1), manganese (21), fiber (13.2), iodine (8.6), potassium (6.8), folate (6.4), vitamin B2 (5.9), vitamin B5 (4.9), omega 3 fatty acids (4.4.), vitamin B6 (4), vitamin K (4), magnesium (3.6), copper (3.5) Raspberries 123 manganese (62), vitamin C (51.3), fiber (33.4), folate (8), vitamin B2 (7.1), magnesium (5.5), vitamin B3 (5.5), potassium (5.3), copper (5) Soybeans 172 molybdenum (172), tryptophan (115.6), manganese (71), protein (57.2), iron (49.1), phosphorous (42.1), fiber (41.3), vitamin K (41.3), omega 3 fatty acids (41.2), magnesium (37), copper (35), vitamin B2 (28.8), potassium (25.3) Peanuts 36.5 manganese (35.5), tryptophan (28.1), vitamin B3 (22), folate (21.9), copper (21), protein (18.8) Oranges 131 vitamin C (116.2), fiber (12.5), folate (9.9), vitamin B1(7.3), potassium (6.8), vitamin A (5.4), calcium (5.2) Corn 164 vitamin B1 (24), folate (19), fiber (18.4), vitamin C (16.9), phosphorous (16.9), manganese (16), vitamin B5 (14.4) Carrot 112 vitamin A (686.3), vitamin K (20.1), vitamin C (18.9), fiber (14.6), potassium (11.3), vitamin B6 (9), manganese (8.5), molybdenum (8.1), vitamin B1 (8), vitamin B3 (5.6), phosphorous (5.4), magnesi The next chart shows which foods contain the following nutrients, and are listed in alphabetical order NUTRIENT FOOD (% OF DAILY RECOMMENDED VALUE) Calcium sesame seed (97.5), sea weed (17), spinach (13.6), lettuce (3.6), orange (4), mushroom (1.8) Chromium onion (12.9), lettuce (11.7), tomato (4.2) Copper sesame seed (205.6), peanut (57.5), mushroom (25), soy bean (20.3), spinach (8.6), raspberry (4.1), tomato (3.6), onion (3.1), strawberry (2.4) Fiber sesame seed (47.2), raspberry (27.2), soy bean (24), carrot (13), corn (11.2), spinach (9.6), orange (9.5), strawberry (9.2), onion (7.2), lettuce (6.8), tomato (4.4), mushroom (2.4) Folate peanut (60), sea weed (45), spinach (36.4), lettuce (33.9), corn (11.6), orange (7.6), raspberry (6.5), onion (4.8), strawberry (4.4), carrot (3.8), tomato (3.8), mushroom (3.5) Iodine seaweed (1383.5), strawberry (6) Iron sesame seed (80.8), soy bean (28.5), spinach (19.8), sea weed (16), lettuce (6.1), tomato (2.5), mushroom (2.3) Magnesium sesame seed (87.8), sea weed (30), spinach (21.7), soy bean (21.5), raspberry (4.5), carrot (4.1), tomato (2.8), strawberry (2.5), mushroom (2.3) Manganese sesame seed (122.2), peanut (97.3), raspberry (50.4), spinach (46.7), soy bean (41.3), lettuce (32), strawberry (14.6), corn (9.8), carrot (7.6), mushroom (7.1), onion (6.9), tomato (5.3) Molybdenum soy bean (100), lettuce (8), carrot (7.2), onion (6.7), tomato (6.7) Omega 3 fatty acids soy bean (24), spinach (3.3), strawberry (3.1), lettuce (2.9) Potassium soy bean (14.7), spinach (13.3), mushroom (12.8), carrot (10.1), lettuce (8.3), tomato (6.3), orange (5.2), strawberry (4.7), onion (4.5), raspberry (4.3) Phosphorus sesame seed (62.8), soy bean (24.5), mushroom (12), corn (10.3), spinach (5.6), carrot (4.8), lettuce (4.5), onion (3.3), tomato (2.4) Protein peanut (51.5), soy bean (33.3), spinach (5.9), mushroom (5), lettuce (3.2), tomato (1.7) Selenium mushroom (37), spinach (2.2) Tryptophan sesame seed (104.2), peanut (77), soy bean (67.2), mushroom (17.6), sea weed (15.5), spinach (12.2), onion (5.9), lettuce (2.8), tomato (1.7) Vitamin A carrot (612.8), spinach (163.8), lettuce (52), tomato (12.4), orange (4.1) Vitamin B1 sesame seed (51.9), corn (14.6), carrot (7.1), lettuce (6.5), spinach (6.2), mushroom (6.1), orange (5.6), tomato (4.1) Vitamin B2 mushroom (28.6), soy bean (16.7), spinach (13.7), lettuce (5.8), raspberry (5.8), strawberry (4.1), tomato (2.9) Vitamin B3 peanut (60.3), mushroom (19), carrot (5)raspberry (4.5), tomato (3.1), lettuce (2.5), spinach (2.4) Vitamin B5 mushroom (15), corn (8.8), strawberry (3.4), tomato (2.4) Vitamin B6 spinach (12.2), carrot (8), onion (5.9), mushroom (5.6), tomato (3.9), strawberry (2.8), lettuce (2.2) Vitamin C strawberry (94.5), orange (88.7), raspberry (41.7), lettuce (40), tomato (31.8), carrot (1.69), spinach (16.3), onion (10.7), corn (10.3) Vitamin E spinach (4.8), tomato (1.9) Vitamin K spinach (617), lettuce (128.1), sea weed (82.5), soy bean (24), carrot (17.9), tomato (9.9), strawberry (2.8) Zinc sesame seed (51.9), mushroom (7.3), spinach (5.1)

Maine :: essays research papers

MAINE Maine is a state in northern New England in the United States. It is bounded by the Canadian provinces of Quà ©bec on the northwest and New Brunswick on the northeast. To the southwest lies New Hampshire, and to the southeast, the Atlantic Ocean. Maine entered the Union on March 15, 1820, when it was separated from Massachusetts to form the 23rd state. Augusta is Maine’s capital. Portland is the largest city. Its nickname is â€Å"The Pine Tree State.† Maine’s motto is Dario (I lead). The state song is entitled â€Å"State of Maine Song.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maine ranks 39th in size among the states, with an area of 33,741 sq mi. The area includes 2,263 sq mi) of inland water and 613 sq mi of coastal water over which it has jurisdiction. It is by far the largest state in New England and has an area nearly equal to that of all the other New England states combined. The state’s greatest east-west distance is 202 mi; the greatest north-south distance is 311 mi. The mean elevation is about 600 ft. All of Maine was once covered by glaciers, the last of which receded about 10,000 years ago. Because of the glaciers, much of Maine is covered with stones, boulders, and clays. Many of the hills and mountains have been rounded, lakes have been formed, and river courses have been changed. Although glaciers covered all of Maine, there are nevertheless substantial physiographic differences in the regions of the state. Maine can be divided into three major natural regions: the White Mountain section, the New England Upland, and the Seaboard Lowland. These three regions are part of the New England province, which in turn forms part of the Appalachian Region. Maine has a humid continental climate with a moderate summer and a long winter. The climate is generally milder along the coast, particularly in the winter. The average January temperatures in Maine range from about 10 ° F in the northern part of the state to about 24 ° F along the coast. Average July temperatures range from 62 ° to 70 ° F with the southern interior being the warmest and the east coast and north the coolest. However, daytime summer temperatures may reach the lower 90 °s F, and temperatures in winter have fallen as low as -48 ° F in the interior. The population of Maine in 2000 was 1,274,923, according to the national census, ranking it 40th among the states.

Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique and Sue Kaufmans Diary of a Mad

Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique and Sue Kaufman's Diary of a Mad Housewife Bettina Balser, the narrator of Sue Kaufman’s Diary of a Mad Housewife, is an attractive, intelligent woman living in an affluent community of New York City with her successful husband and her two charming children. She is also on the verge of insanity. Her various mental disorders, her wavering physical health, and her sexual promiscuity permeate her diary entries, and are interwoven among descriptions of the seemingly normal and easy routine of a housewife. Betty Friedan, in writing the Feminine Mystique, describes the plight of millions of American women directly parallel to that of Bettina’s. Through her exhaustive research and interviews, Friedan documents extensive evidence of the adverse effects of â€Å"Occupation: Housewife.† The women she speaks with are all like Bettina: they lead desirable, healthy lives on the surface, and yet they are slowly deteriorating inside. Friedan discusses the effects of the unnatural and illogical mirage of femininity forced upon women, and analyzes why being just a housewife is not enough. Bettina’s situation will be analyzed through Friedan’s theories on the feminine mystique. Despite her misery, Bettina Balser is quite aware of how blessed she is to have the life of which millions of women can only dream. She begins her diary with a long catalogue of all of the things she should, in all reason, be grateful for: â€Å"Shall I say the obvious, the thing I’ve told myself every day for weeks- that I know I’m a Very Lucky Girl, and really must be crazy to get into the state I’m in these days, when I have everything A Girl Could Want? I have two bright, healthy, attractive children†¦ I have... ...e the nervous tics, the various phobias, the alcoholism, and the insomnia, Bettina survives through to the end of Diary of a Mad Housewife. Bettina made it through ten years of marriage in the inhumanly confining role as a housewife because she was able to hold on to ideas that made her Bettina Balser instead of just a housewife. Bettina is an outstanding woman when compared to the millions of women described by Friedan whose creativity and individuality was wasted on living solely as a wife and mother. However, Bettina also embodies the disastrous effects that the feminine mystique debilitated American women with during the 1950’s, as profoundly described by Betty Friedan in the Feminine Mystique. Works Cited Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. New York: Norton, 1963. Kaufman, Sue. Diary of a Mad Housewife. New York: Random House, 1967.

Who Won the Social War (Ancient Rome)

Who won the Social War? The allies war with the Romans involved hundreds of thousands of men and lasted for three years, this war was a turning point for Rome's political relations with its allies and was significant in the fact that Rome had to readjust politically. When looking at the Social War many confine the meaning of victory in terms of the battlefield, missing out on a vital aspect of war, the terms of peace and the political outcome.It cannot be determined, whether an army, even if victorious in individual battles, decisively won the war, or whether their success on the battlefields' was believed to be temporal and not immune to change. This essay will attempt to investigate the question, backed up by literary evidence from the likes of Appian, Livy and Polybus. It would be logical to first assess what the aims of the Italian allies were in making war on Rome, then to determine whether their objectives were met and on what terms.The causes of the Social War are commonly see n as Rome's refusal to grant Roman citizenship for the Italian allies. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought alongside Rome in several wars, overtime they began to chaff under Rome's autocratic hand, desiring the privileges and better equality the citizenship would bring them. Events came to a head in 91 BC following the assassination of the Roman tribune Marcus Livius Drusus, who attempted to pass a legislation that would have given citizenship to all Italians and settled a number of disputes.They saw the citizenship as vital to their business' abroad and saw an opportunity for fairer treatment by the Roman senate, ‘Their desire to become Romans reflects the success of Rome in unifying them in sentiment and was stimulated by the Cimbric war and by the career of Marius', indeed many saw the citizenship as their due for the sacrifices on their behalf for the expansion of Rome, † At the same time†¦ the consuls send their orders to the allied cities in It aly which they wish to contribute troops, stating the numbers required†.Furthermore, the Italians ‘preferred Roman citizenship to possession of the fields', Rome's policy of land distribution had led to great inequality of land ownership and wealth and led to the â€Å"Italian race†¦ declining little by little into pauperism and paucity of numbers without any hope of remedy†. After the murder of Drusus, one of the last pro-Italians, the Italians began preparing for war: â€Å"The first act of war was by Picentes, who killed proconsul Quintus Servilius in the town Asculum, with all Roman citizens who were in this town. The people put on the war dress†.Dispute arises over the exact aim of the Italians in the Social War, what is important to note however, is the fact the Italians were not impatient and undiplomatic; their revolt was their final resort. ‘Even at the very last, when they had already taken up arms, the insurgents were to make one more appeal to the senate to concede the franchise', this is backed up by Appian â€Å"The Italians in despair of any other remedy, went on with their mobilization†. A commonly accepted view is that the rebels were fighting in order to share in the Roman citizenship, Empire and power, going further than local autonomy.Indeed, there were many close ties between Italian and Roman aristocrats, running deeper than just trade and business ties. Another view is that the Italians wanted a complete autonomous state as shown by the creation of an independent capital and coinage, and the risk on their part of inciting a war on such a large scale, â€Å"they had forces in common amounting to about 100,000 foot and horse. The Romans sent an equal force against them, made up if their own citizens and of the Italian peoples who were still in alliance with them†.Many see the allies choice of creating their own coinage as a potent one, the choice of their designs can be interpreted as thei r solidarity with one another and their hostility towards the Romans, as shown by the depiction of eight men holding swords towards a pig- a way of making a sworn oath in ancient Italy. However, this can be open to interpretation, the creation of a new coinage would have most likely been necessary for purchasing supplies and paying and feeding troops. The images on the coins can be viewed as effective propaganda, aiming to remind the soldiers the justice of their cause.It can also be argued that a new capital (Italia) was not in fact a desire of the allies to break from Rome when looking at the military nature of the creation of Corfinium. Corfinium was an important base of operations, that offered space to hold and distribute supplies, a large source of food and water . Strategically Italica was necessary to the Italian war effort, the allies needed bases like Corfinium when fighting Rome, whose endless resources were an invaluable asset to their military progress.The new allied go vernment, was modelled closely on the Roman government, this indicates the high respect the Italians held for the Roman constitution and the doubt cast on the claims that the allies wanted the destruction of Roman rule or a complete separation from it, in addition, a strong argument can be established in relation to the Italians having a vested interest in the continuation of the Roman Empire, Italian businesses benefited from trade and land investments.The most significant indication that the allies were fighting for Roman citizenship rather than autonomy, is evidential in the depth of Roman power and the likelihood that Rome would be more successful in battle â€Å"Quintus Caepio†¦ was besieged and successfully repelled his enemies†¦ Consul Lucius Julius Ceaser fought successfully against the Samnites†. Rome had larger military supplies and a larger force than the allies, as shown by the fact that they were able to reinforce their armies with considerable speed.Mo st importantly however, Rome had a huge treasury helped by the spoils of so many wars, which dwarfed anything that the allies could attempt to bring together. This, including the fact that the network of roads across Italy were all centred around Rome, did not give the allies firm belief that they could eventually defeat Rome, or permanently separate themselves. The benefits the Italian allies enjoyed from Rome's empire made it unlikely that they would want to destroy an empire in which they themselves had so much at stake, and to which they contributed a considerable amount to its formation.Rome's predominant influence was extremely well established and its continuity was favourable to Italian interests. Therefore, the rebellion of the allies should not be viewed as an attempt to end Rome, or divorce from it, as shown by the death or exile of the majority of pro-Italian politicians in Rome, the allies had no other alternative to assert their political interests in Rome than war. Th e outcome of the Social War was for the Italians to gain Roman citizenship, if one can accept that citizenship was the intended aim rather than separation.The Italian vote was to begin with, less than the proportion of their population, the allies were all grouped into separate tribes and assigned less voted than the 35 Roman tribes. But, the Italians were eventually joined into the Roman tribes and Italy unified. It is not likely that the allies were rooting for total victory in the Social War in order to achieve their aims, for they did not underestimate the power of Rome. Their previous loyalty had undoubtedly helped Rome win the Second Punic War, the Romans were able to recover losses and rebuild its forces hrough the sources of arms, manpower and money, a lot of which came from its allies. However, the Social War challenged the stability Rome felt in its allies, what is important is the fact that although Rome ‘won' military speaking, but the allies were victorious in ter ms of diplomacy and social standing. The fact that the allies never strayed from their goal and eventually achieved it is extremely courageous and admirable. Bibliography Brunt, P. A. Italian Aims at the Time of the Social War', in Fall of the Roman Republic (Oxford, 1988), pp. 90-109. Brunt, P. A. ‘The army and the land in the Roman revolution' revised in Fall of the Roman Republic (Oxford, 1988), pp. 240-80. Brunt, P. Social Conflicts in the Roman Republic (Oxford, 1971). Bagnall, N. The Punic Wars (London, 1990). Gabba, E. Republican Rome, the Army and the Allies (Oxford, 1976). Goldsworthy, A. The Army at War, 100 BCAD 200 (Oxford, 1996). Frier, B. W.Roman coinage and army pay: techniques for evaluating statistics (1981), pp. 285-295. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. IX (2nd ed. ) p188. Scullard, H. H. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68 (London, 1982). Salmon, E. T. ‘Notes on the Social War', in Transactions and Proceedings of the Ame rican Philological Association (Michigan, 1958), pp. 159-184. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. See Brunt. ‘Italian aims at the time of the Social War' p. 90. [ 2 ].See Polybus, 6. 21, 4-5. [ 3 ]. See Appian The Civil Wars 3. 21 p. 42 [ 4 ]. See Appian The Civil Wars 1. 9 p. 19 [ 5 ]. See Livy Periochae Book 72 [ 6 ]. See Brunt, ‘Italian aims at the time of the Social War' p. 93 [ 7 ]. See Appian The Civil Wars 5. 39 p. 76 [ 8 ]. See Appian The Civil Wars 5. 39 p. 76. [ 9 ]. See Livy Periochae Book 37, chapter 2 . [ 10 ]. See Livy Periochae Book 73 1-7 [ 11 ]. See Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 9. 2nd Ed. p. 188 [ 12 ]. See Appian The Civil Wars 14. 116 p. 225